Urban sprawl

The term â€Å"urban design† may have been coined in the mid-1950s but 20 years later it was still largely unused outside a small circle of people concerned with the four- dimensional development of precincts of cities. It has a wide, almost boundary-less definition with different connotations depending on professional discipline or the particular context within which the urban environment is being assessed. It is the process of making or shaping physical forms through cognitive perception (senses) (Arnheim, 1969)-it is not simply an intellectual process nor can it be.Design is not linear and constitutes a sensual engagement with reality (not virtual reality). Elements of Urban design: Urban Design involves the design and coordination of all that makes up cities and towns: a. Buildings, b. Public spaces, c. Streets, d. Transport and e. Landscape. Urban Design weaves together these elements into a coherent, organized design structure. The urban design structure defines the urba n form and the building form. Design is also making of things through indirect or unintentional actions.It is the physical and geometric manifestation of underlying forces generated by human ehavior and its interactions with the environment. The way you arrange your furniture in the living room to be â€Å"comfortable† is an act of design that has behind it significant underlying (cultural) forces and determinants (Hall, 1966). Consequently, as we approach design in our culture, we have basic approaches and conventions for interpreting human behavior and needs into design form. 0 People: need, want, aspiration, passion. Program: what and how much of something satisfies the stated need. 0 Context: bio-physical, cultural, Jurisdictional, historic/time, interrelationships. Organization, structure, and process. 0 Design elements, principles, and relationships or compositions (art): space, enclosure, movement, and circulation. 0 Structure, manufacturing, and economy. References an d source: Urban Design. org. Books: Jon Lang – , Urban Design: A typology of procedures and products, Ron Kasprisin – Urban Design, the composition of complexity. 4. Short notes: a.URBAN SPRAWL: The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas. Poorly planned development that spreads a citys population over a wider and wider the land between them and the city fills in as well. Examples: . A Northern Virginia housing development encroaches on farmland. Population growth and relocation is threatening rural environments across the world. Photograph by Sarah Leen Written by John G. Mitchell Republished from the pages of National Geographic magazine. 2. In the United States, urban sprawl is becoming a matter of increasing concern.From 1970 to 1990, people who worked in U. S. cities moved farther and farther from urban centers. The population density of cities in the United States decreased by more than 20 percent as people in cities moved to suburbs and outlying areas. About 0,000 square miles of rural lands were gobbled up by housing developments. For example, the population of the city of Chicago decreased during this period from 3. 4 million people to 2. 8 million. But the Chicago metropolitan area grew from about 7. 0 million persons to 7. 3 million.Sprawl occurs in metropolitan areas that allow unrestricted growth or that have no plans to contain it. Other factors include the widespread use of automobiles and the building of expressways. Example: Mexico City. References and Source: Unbelievable aerial photographs of Mexico City show how the urban landscape preads over mountains while maintaining a remarkable 25,400 people per square mile. â€Å"In a megalopolis like Mexico City,† Mail, â€Å"the relationship between man and space is ever so apparent. ww. pearlandisd. com† National geographic. com – By John G. Mitchell in July 2001, Fraser Sherman – Demand media. b. URBANIZATION: Urbanization is the physical growth of urban ar eas which result in rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities, particularly the very large ones. The United Nations projected that half of the world's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008. By 2050 it is predicted that 64. 1% and 85. 9% of the developing and developed world respectively will be urbanized.Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can describe a specific condition at a set time, i. e. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term urbanization can represent the level of urban development relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing. Example:Chicago 1854 1898 Graphs: Source: United Nations, World urbanization prospects: The 2003 revision, population division of department of economic and social affairs of the United Nations secretariat. c. URBANITY: Urbanity refers to the characteristics, personality traits, and viewpoints associated with cities and urban areas. People who can be described as having urbanity are also referred to as citified. Example: They seek papers and panels that investigate elements of urbanism and urbanity during' the long nineteenth century, such as: urbanites (the flaneur, the prostitute, the detective, the criminal, etc. urbanites and the rise of consumer culture; immigrants and urban communities: urban domesticity in literature and culture; architecture, urban design, and city planning; urban spaces and the gothic imagination; motilities and forms of urban transport; the politics of urban space; the city and the natural environment; urban cartographies; urban crime and violence; urban spaces and urban peripheries (Suburbs; ghettos, wastelands, industrial zones, dumps and other hybrid spaces); urbanism and public health; animals and urban environm ents; concert halls, opera houses, and other urban entertainment venues; estaurants, cafes, and urban eating and drinking; leisure and urbanism; city/country divides; and the anti-urban tradition in art and literature.Typology (in urban planning and architecture) is the taxonomic classification of (usually physical) characteristics commonly found in buildings and urban places, according to their association with different categories, such as intensity of development (from natural or rural to highly urban), degrees of formality, and school of thought (for example, modernist or traditional). Individual characteristics form patterns. The word type has been derived from the Greek word ‘Typos' which means ‘impression'.A type in urban design is a characteristic set of form properties of a building, a space or combinations of both (groupings of buildings or spaces, combinations of buildings and spaces). A type is not a concrete example that can be copied. It is a means of estab lishing a relation between a large numbers of comparable objects. Keeping that in mind it can be seen as a kind of ‘generalized model'. In contrast to a category that has a sharp delineation, the delineation of a type is vague and it is multiple interpretable. This makes it pre-eminently suitable to be used in a design process because it occupies a position in between abstract ideas measures than to the modern measure. The type incorporates quality and quantity, but it is not necessary to revert to pre-rational scientific ideas to use it.Buildings have been classified in many different ways, depending on the nature of the study, and the purpose of the classification. In building type studies, for example, buildings are classified according to their functions. The purpose of building type studies is to compare the methods by which different architects have responded to imilar client needs (building task), under different economic, social, technical and site constraints. Hospita ls are studied together, and so are schools, houses, office buildings, stadiums and so on. The differences in the design approach among the designers can be very instructive. References and Sources: Books: Urban Design: A typology of procedures and products, Urban sprawl The term â€Å"urban design† may have been coined in the mid-1950s but 20 years later it was still largely unused outside a small circle of people concerned with the four- dimensional development of precincts of cities. It has a wide, almost boundary-less definition with different connotations depending on professional discipline or the particular context within which the urban environment is being assessed. It is the process of making or shaping physical forms through cognitive perception (senses) (Arnheim, 1969)-it is not simply an intellectual process nor can it be.Design is not linear and constitutes a sensual engagement with reality (not virtual reality). Elements of Urban design: Urban Design involves the design and coordination of all that makes up cities and towns: a. Buildings, b. Public spaces, c. Streets, d. Transport and e. Landscape. Urban Design weaves together these elements into a coherent, organized design structure. The urban design structure defines the urba n form and the building form. Design is also making of things through indirect or unintentional actions.It is the physical and geometric manifestation of underlying forces generated by human ehavior and its interactions with the environment. The way you arrange your furniture in the living room to be â€Å"comfortable† is an act of design that has behind it significant underlying (cultural) forces and determinants (Hall, 1966). Consequently, as we approach design in our culture, we have basic approaches and conventions for interpreting human behavior and needs into design form. 0 People: need, want, aspiration, passion. Program: what and how much of something satisfies the stated need. 0 Context: bio-physical, cultural, Jurisdictional, historic/time, interrelationships. Organization, structure, and process. 0 Design elements, principles, and relationships or compositions (art): space, enclosure, movement, and circulation. 0 Structure, manufacturing, and economy. References an d source: Urban Design. org. Books: Jon Lang – , Urban Design: A typology of procedures and products, Ron Kasprisin – Urban Design, the composition of complexity. 4. Short notes: a.URBAN SPRAWL: The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas. Poorly planned development that spreads a citys population over a wider and wider the land between them and the city fills in as well. Examples: . A Northern Virginia housing development encroaches on farmland. Population growth and relocation is threatening rural environments across the world. Photograph by Sarah Leen Written by John G. Mitchell Republished from the pages of National Geographic magazine. 2. In the United States, urban sprawl is becoming a matter of increasing concern.From 1970 to 1990, people who worked in U. S. cities moved farther and farther from urban centers. The population density of cities in the United States decreased by more than 20 percent as people in cities moved to suburbs and outlying areas. About 0,000 square miles of rural lands were gobbled up by housing developments. For example, the population of the city of Chicago decreased during this period from 3. 4 million people to 2. 8 million. But the Chicago metropolitan area grew from about 7. 0 million persons to 7. 3 million.Sprawl occurs in metropolitan areas that allow unrestricted growth or that have no plans to contain it. Other factors include the widespread use of automobiles and the building of expressways. Example: Mexico City. References and Source: Unbelievable aerial photographs of Mexico City show how the urban landscape preads over mountains while maintaining a remarkable 25,400 people per square mile. â€Å"In a megalopolis like Mexico City,† Mail, â€Å"the relationship between man and space is ever so apparent. ww. pearlandisd. com† National geographic. com – By John G. Mitchell in July 2001, Fraser Sherman – Demand media. b. URBANIZATION: Urbanization is the physical growth of urban ar eas which result in rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities, particularly the very large ones. The United Nations projected that half of the world's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008. By 2050 it is predicted that 64. 1% and 85. 9% of the developing and developed world respectively will be urbanized.Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can describe a specific condition at a set time, i. e. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term urbanization can represent the level of urban development relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing. Example:Chicago 1854 1898 Graphs: Source: United Nations, World urbanization prospects: The 2003 revision, population division of department of economic and social affairs of the United Nations secretariat. c. URBANITY: Urbanity refers to the characteristics, personality traits, and viewpoints associated with cities and urban areas. People who can be described as having urbanity are also referred to as citified. Example: They seek papers and panels that investigate elements of urbanism and urbanity during' the long nineteenth century, such as: urbanites (the flaneur, the prostitute, the detective, the criminal, etc. urbanites and the rise of consumer culture; immigrants and urban communities: urban domesticity in literature and culture; architecture, urban design, and city planning; urban spaces and the gothic imagination; motilities and forms of urban transport; the politics of urban space; the city and the natural environment; urban cartographies; urban crime and violence; urban spaces and urban peripheries (Suburbs; ghettos, wastelands, industrial zones, dumps and other hybrid spaces); urbanism and public health; animals and urban environm ents; concert halls, opera houses, and other urban entertainment venues; estaurants, cafes, and urban eating and drinking; leisure and urbanism; city/country divides; and the anti-urban tradition in art and literature.Typology (in urban planning and architecture) is the taxonomic classification of (usually physical) characteristics commonly found in buildings and urban places, according to their association with different categories, such as intensity of development (from natural or rural to highly urban), degrees of formality, and school of thought (for example, modernist or traditional). Individual characteristics form patterns. The word type has been derived from the Greek word ‘Typos' which means ‘impression'.A type in urban design is a characteristic set of form properties of a building, a space or combinations of both (groupings of buildings or spaces, combinations of buildings and spaces). A type is not a concrete example that can be copied. It is a means of estab lishing a relation between a large numbers of comparable objects. Keeping that in mind it can be seen as a kind of ‘generalized model'. In contrast to a category that has a sharp delineation, the delineation of a type is vague and it is multiple interpretable. This makes it pre-eminently suitable to be used in a design process because it occupies a position in between abstract ideas measures than to the modern measure. The type incorporates quality and quantity, but it is not necessary to revert to pre-rational scientific ideas to use it.Buildings have been classified in many different ways, depending on the nature of the study, and the purpose of the classification. In building type studies, for example, buildings are classified according to their functions. The purpose of building type studies is to compare the methods by which different architects have responded to imilar client needs (building task), under different economic, social, technical and site constraints. Hospita ls are studied together, and so are schools, houses, office buildings, stadiums and so on. The differences in the design approach among the designers can be very instructive. References and Sources: Books: Urban Design: A typology of procedures and products,

Kirk Arnold

Kirk Arnold effectiveness as a manger and leader comes from the character and her management style. More than the skills or previous experience she has with other companies, her work ethics, manner and her interactions with other people in the company establishes confidence and admiration. This suggests that though she is goal-oriented person, she also recognizes the importance of building relationship and work partnerships within and outside the organization What could she do better? Considering the developing challenges in the industry Nerve Wire ranging from the slowing down of the economy and the intensification of competition, relationships with clients and other industry partners can be further developed. Arnold has already apparently recognized this need and has incorporated it significantly in her priorities and schedule. What aspect of her management style do you think contribute to her effectiveness or ineffectiveness? One key aspect that has contributed to the success of Arnold’s management in the company is her work ethics which are recognized by both her peers and subordinates as exemplary. She has established a reputation for directness, objectiveness as well as a willingness to work: suggesting that she doesn’t consider her position as a privilege but as a craft. Is her style well-suited to the current situation at NerveWire? In what other situations might it be effective? In what situations would it be ineffective? Her style of management, direct but responsive, suits the nature of NerveWire’s business. Since the company is consulting and systems development, there is a need to recognize particular requirements and unique business perspectives of clients. Unlike consultancy for operational or repetitive business concerns that would not creative thinking as much, Arnold thrives in NerveWire’s environment because it allows her to apply her experience and skills, as she designs it, in innovative settings. In what way is your own style like Kirk? In what way is your style different? Like Arnold, I recognize a challenge in trying to view problems in a new way and developing new perspectives and strategies for problems. Also, that though there are technical or operational requirements that need to be taken into consideration they should not be viewed as limitations. Unlike Arnold however, there is still a lot to be developed in my mentoring or coaching skills. Most likely, this aptitude can be further developed as I gain more experience and work with more people. Malcolm Frank. In what way is Malcolm effective? Malcolm Frank effectivity comes from the fact that he is capable as an executive as well as managing other executives. In his interview, he points out that the challenge of working with brilliant people is how to be able to channels their skills and experience productively and how to manage and resolve conflicts What could he do better? He can be more directly involved in building relationships with the various stakeholders of the company to be able to asses their perceptions on the directions of the industry and in general, the economy. This will allow him the context needed to examine scenarios that the company will face. Similar to Arnold, he has also recognized the need to build these relationships personally as reflected in his own priorities and schedule. What aspect of his management style do you think contribute to his effectiveness or ineffectiveness? The most critical to Frank’s effectiveness is his confidence in the organization and its executives without being threatened or having reservation in directing them to the company’s objectives. In doing so, he is able to develop an atmosphere that maximizes the skills and potentials of the organization, highlighting the importance cooperation and organizational development and effectiveness. Is his style well-suited to the current situation at NerveWire? In what other situations might it be effective? In what situations would it be ineffective? Frank is suited to Nerve Wire because he is able to exert his authority positively. However, this success is because Frank manages and organization that has positive sense of competition and strong organizational relationship. For NerveWire and similar organizations where there is high level of pressure and a significant collection of assertive and creative people, this is an essential skill to maintain the cohesiveness and cooperation of a group. In what way is your own style like Malcolm and in what way is your style different? Like Frank, I recognize and appreciate the need for expertise, knowledge and experience as well as an environment were can they can developed positively. In doing so, people will be able to work effectively with each other and increase the overall potential and capacity of an organization. . At the same time, I recognize that this degree of confidence in my work and managing the work of others has to still be honed by experience and training. Â  

Administration and Procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Administration and Procurement - Essay Example Procurement systems can be categorized as: Project management is excluded as it is considered that a project manager could be applied to any procurement method. In other words, to dispel a common misconception, project management is not a procurement method (Bennett, 1986, p. 5).The following criteria can be used to examine client requirements and 'experts' preferences for the performance of each procurement method. NEDO (1985), Skitmore and Marsden (1988) and Singh (1990) suggest employing the following criteria to establish a profile of the clients' requirements:NEDO (1985) relates the characteristics of the most popular procurement methods used to a list of nine client priorities or needs. This technique, while useful as a guide in terms of eliminating unsuitable procurement methods from the available alternatives, is insufficiently sophisticated to enable a final decision to be taken as to the method appropriate for a building project (Masterman, 1992). Franks (1990) uses a rating system based on the ability of each procu rement system to meet seven common satisfying criteria. A scale of 1-5 is used, where 1 is the minimum and 5 is the maximum. Masterman (1992) states that the use of this technique in determining clients' needs is valid but is flawed with subjectivity. Skitmore and Marsden (1988) and Singh (1990) used the multi-attribute approach, which is a technique applied to measure a degree of objectivity to subjective areas. Both studies adapted the procurement path decision chart from NEDO (1985) to aid the decision-making process. Bennett and Grice (1990) have undertaken similar work. Furthermore, Skitmore and Marsden (1988) applied concordance analysis and discriminant analysis to their theoretical framework. Concordance analysis is used to measure the consistency of experts' ranking for each procurement against a set predetermined criterion. Discriminant analysis examined data collected under a set of criteria that are characteristics on

ANDERSEN HOLDINGS PRIVATE HEALTHCARE1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

ANDERSEN HOLDINGS PRIVATE HEALTHCARE1 - Essay Example The healthcare services that the company provides are delivered in an integrated framework which in instrumental in reaching the company to various market segments. Concept of Marketing for Andersen Holdings Private Healthcare Prior to the analysis of the options available for Anderson Healthcare as well as the possible marketing strategies it is important to review the basic concepts of marketing and selling in brief. The marketing for the company would mean a focus towards the target customers that the company caters to (Peppers and Rogers, 2004, pp. 78-84). The business processes are structured in such a way that the benefits of the patients would be the main focus for the business managers. Since the company operates in the healthcare sector, the specific groups of patients with different problems would be the target market for the Anderson. Hence for achieving customer satisfaction, Anderson would try to meet their specific needs. This marketing strategy would help Anderson in t he achievement of the desired goals and would provide a competitive advantage amidst a very intense competition. This concept of marketing is different from that of the selling concept, which is more inclined towards the mass market and aims at the profitability through increases in the sales volume. Customer satisfaction and brand loyalty is a less important part of selling as distinguished from marketing concept. Marketing as a function In order to develop a sustainable brand the companies need to nurture the marketing function from the inception of the company. A serious marketing function in a company would engage into thorough market research and develop the product as per the needs of the potential customers. The company also needs to spend enough on the marketing communications to make an awareness of the brand to the customers. Thus the seven P’s of services marketing like Product, Place, Promotion, Price, Physical Evidence, People and Process are the areas where the companies should work on. For Anderson, it is also important to spend enough on the marketing aspect to ensure the strengthening of the brand equity of this healthcare service provider. Segmentation Target markets Anderson reaches to each of the target customer groups mainly based on the geographical segmentation strategy. The major markets where the brand has noticeable presence are Europe and Asia. The countries at where the company has medical centres include UK, Austria, Germany and Switzerland. United Arab Emirates is also one of the major target markets of the healthcare company. In the eastern part of the globe the company has presence in China, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Singapore as well as Australia. The recent venture of the company has been the Baltic countries and the Russian markets (Boone and Kurtz, 2010, p. 453). Market Segments The company focuses on the different specialised

Memorandum of Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Memorandum of Law - Case Study Example Likewise if he goes on to the wrong side of the road. It is no answer for him to say: 'I was a learner driver under instruction. I was doing my best and could not help it.' The civil law permits no such excuse. It requires of him the same standard of care as of any other driver. 'It eliminates the personal equation and is independent of the idiosyncrasies of the particular person whose conduct is in question.' The learner driver may be doing his best, but his incompetent best is not good enough. He must drive in as good a manner as a driver of skill, experience and care, who is sound in wind and limb, who makes no errors of judgment, has good eyesight and hearing, and is free from any infirmity."3 Applying the same principle to the instant case, the biker must, whether or not she is driving a car or a bicycle or motorcycle, whether in a road, highway, street, or bicycle path in a local park, as a driver drive in as good a manner as a driver of skill, experience and care, sound in win d and limb, who makes no errors of judgment, has good eyesight and hearing, and is free from any infirmity. ... er had been exchanging text messages on his mobile phone, and that it had been the driver's inattention through using his mobile phone that caused the accident. Likewise, in the case of R. v Payne (John),5 it was ruled that the driver was rightfully convicted because the driver allowed himself to be distracted whilst driving.6 In the case of the biker, he was not watching where he was going and has in fact been reprimanded by Cost Price Courier's on several occasions for failure to adhere to traffic regulations. Hence, the biker was negligent in his driving and in breach of his duty of care as a driver. Causation. To be able to claim against the for personal injury and/or damage to property under the law of tort and against the doctor for professional negligence, it is imperative for the boy and his parents to establish causation. There is causation when both factual causation and legal causation are present. Factual causation refers to the nexus between the defendant's action and the claimant's damage (the 'but for' test) while legal causation refers to the break or 'novus actus' in the chain of causation. Applying the 'but for' test applied by Lord Denning in Cork v Kirby MacLean [1952], and illustrated in Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1969], the boy would not have suffered personal injury (head injuries and brain damage) and damage to property (probably his skateboard) but for failure of the biker to drive properly and carefully considering that he was not looking where he was going and that he has been repeatedly reprimanded by his employer on s everal occasions for failure to adhere to traffic regulations. The boy and the parents could argue that there is no evidence of a 'novus actus' breaking the chain of causation. The biker is

Education Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education Testing - Essay Example Criterion-referenced tests provide useful benchmarks, but do not place them in context with other performers. The main disadvantage of both norm-referenced and criterion-referenced standardized tests is that schools might be tempted to make important educational decisions based solely on information from one or the other. In fact, teachers must use a judicious combination of assessments and take into account unique student differences, to create the best possible instructional plans. Informal assessments offer several advantages. They can be more holistic, easily adjusted for situational and student differences, and occur in a wide variety of contexts. One example of an informal assessment is "walking around" one's classroom. The advantages of this assessment are that it gives teachers a chance to have active meetings with students while their works are in progress. It can also be used easily in conjunction with other assessments, such as conversation records (Cole, 1999, p. 3-4). The disadvantages are that initial discipline problems might increase when you spend too much time with one group and that it may require some adaptation of your personal teaching style. Assessment conversations are an informal assessment that uses dialogue and interaction during teacher-student conferences to monitor student progress and adjust instructio

World History I a comparative analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World History I a comparative analysis - Essay Example The slaves did all the hard work the ancient greeks were sea faring people and a maritime industry existed. indirect tax system was more common .it was used to build state owned universities granaries etc. The economy had substantial economic infrastructure. Of harbors, quarries brickyards etc .agriculture was practiced the slave labors worked in the fields. Monetary stability and an expanding population stimulated economic growth IMPERIAL ECONOMIC system existed. the vedic age is famous for social stratification.in top bracket were the ruling and warrior class called the kshatriyas ,they were followed by the brahmanas or the priestly class. Next came the vashyas or the peasants and traders.finally the shudras who were the serving class. People lived in extended joint families .The head of the family was called GRIHAKARTA. Only free people of greek descendant were citizens. they enjoyed full protection of the state. In ATHENS Population was divided into 4 claws based on wealth The slaves had no power but they could own family or property. The Chinese were the most evolved in the field of science. Discovery of gunpowder, paper etc. were all Chinese contributions to the world. Chinese medicine was based on herbs that could cure almost all diseases. Chinese philosophy was also evolved. The concept of energy flows was propounded called 'Chi'.

Alzheimers Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alzheimers Disease - Essay Example As the discussion highlights, stage 1 has symptoms like losing way, asking something repeatedly, taking longer to perform daily tasks, having trouble in decision-making, putting things in weird places, and withdrawing from social life. Stage 2 shows symptoms like requiring assistance in performing daily tasks, forgetting recent happenings, mixing up distant past with recent past, having language problems, depression, insomnia and eating troubles. Stage 3 has symptoms like being unable to feed one, control bowel and urinary movements, speak, or recognize members of the family. Memory vanishes away. Objective findings include: Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) which are unusual clumps or tangles of a protein, known as tau, and are present within neurons and result in the malfunctioning of neurons; and, Amyloid plaques which are anomalous collections of a protein, known as beta-amyloid, inside the neurons, and may form due to abnormal processing of this protein. When an inflammation occurs in the region of these plaques, it causes the death of the neurons. Tangles and plaques make neurons lose connections with one another. This causes their death. The affected brain areas and brain tissues begin to shrink. Alzheimer’s disease does not have a specific treatment; however, measures can be taken to help patients maintain their mental health and normal behavioral patterns to slow down the progress of the disease. The treatment is based upon the study of the causal process. Although there are drugs available which are helpful for Alzheimer’s patients but those can only slow down or delay the process and cannot stop or reverse it.

Philosophy of religion exam review questions answers Essay

Philosophy of religion exam review questions answers - Essay Example 397). What does he mean by this? William Cavanaugh wrote his essay as he is unpleasantly surprised by the fact that the government wants the religion to play the role of â€Å"peace creator†. Such approach can easily return us to the Middle Ages’ level of development as every person in democratic country should feel free in choosing his/her religious beliefs. Our ethical principles should be based first of all on justice, democracy and positive examples and religion should not direct our behavior. Actually during â€Å"the wars of religion† there were many alliances created not because of religious allegiance. The perfect example of is the alliance during the 3rd war when protestants were allied to William of Orange who needed that alliance in order to establish political control. â€Å"Wars of religion† usually served as pretexts for starting military actions to establish control in another country. The term â€Å"development of doctrine† was used by John Henry Newman, who studied how religious dogmas were developed through time. He made the conclusion that Catholic teaching was the most developed through time in comparison to other christen teachings, the dogmas of which mainly remained unchanged. The views of Plato and Freud were similar in one thing: they considered love to be the most important in our life. However, Freud considered love to be the production of physical desire, while Plato stated that physical desire is the consequence of spiritual affection. Plato was against sexual activity that is fulfilled only to satisfy physical needs. He valued spiritual love high and considered erotic attraction of a person to be the consequence of spiritual affection. According to Plato, erotic attraction does not depend on appearance or sexual appeal, it fully depends on spiritual feeling. The first principles are found when our

Historical Development of Continental Philosophy’s Existentialism Essay Example for Free

Historical Development of Continental Philosophy’s Existentialism Essay Absolute Idealism left distinct marks on many facets of Western culture. True, science was indifferent to it, and common sense was perhaps stupefied by it, but the greatest political movement of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries— Marxism—was to a significant degree an outgrowth of Absolute Idealism. (Bertrand Russell remarked someplace that Marx was nothing more than Hegel mixed with British economic theory. ) Nineteenth- and twentieth-century literature, theology, and even art felt an influence. The Romantic composers of the nineteenth century, for example, with their fondness for expanded form, vast orchestras, complex scores and soaring melodies, searched for the all-encompassing musical statement. In doing so, they mirrored the efforts of the metaphysicians; whose vast and imposing systems were sources of inspiration to many artists and composers. As we have said, much of what happened in philosophy after Hegel was in response to Hegel. This response took different forms in English-speaking countries and on the European continent—so different that philosophy in the twentieth century was split into two traditions or, as we might say nowadays, two â€Å"conversations. † So-called analytic philosophy and its offshoots became the predominant tradition of philosophy in England and eventually in the United States. The response to Hegelian idealism on the European continent was quite different however; and is known (at least in English-speaking countries) as Continental philosophy. Mean while, the United States developed its own brand of philosophy—called pragmatism—but ultimately analytic philosophy became firmly entrenched in the United States as well. Within Continental philosophy may be found various identifiable schools of philosophical thought: existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics, deconstruction, and critical theory. Two influential schools were existentialism and phenomenology, and we will begin this chapter with them. Both existentialism and phenomenology have their roots in the nineteenth century, and many of their themes can be traced back to Socrates and even to the pre- Socratics. Each school of thought has influenced the other to such an extent that two of the most famous and influential Continental philosophers of this century, Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 –1980), are important figures in both movements, although Heidegger is primarily a phenomenologist and Sartre primarily an existentialist. Some of the main themes of existentialism are traditional and academic philosophy is sterile and remote from the concerns of real life. Philosophy must focus on the individual in her or his confrontation with the world. The world is irrational (or, in any event, beyond total comprehending or accurate conceptualizing through philosophy). The world is absurd, in the sense that no ultimate explanation can be given for why it is the way it is. Senselessness, emptiness, triviality, separation, and inability to communicate pervade human existence. Giving birth to anxiety, dread, self-doubt, and despair as well as the individual confronts as the most important fact of human existence, the necessity to choose how he or she is to live within this absurd and irrational world. Now, many of these themes had already been introduced by those brooding thinkers of the nineteenth century, Arthur Schopenhauer (see previous chapter), Soren Kierkegaard, and Friedrich Nietzsche. All three had a strong distaste for the optimistic idealism of Hegel—and for metaphysical systems in general. Such philosophy, they thought, ignored the human predicament. For all three the universe, including its human inhabitants, is seldom rational, and philosophical systems that seek to make everything seem rational are just futile attempts to overcome pessimism and despair. This impressive-sounding word denotes the philosophy that grew out of the work of Edmund Husserl (1859–1938). In brief, phenomenology interests itself in the essential structures found within the stream of conscious experience—the stream of phenomena—as these structures manifest themselves independently of the assumptions and presuppositions of science. Phenomenology, much more than existentialism, has been a product of philosophers rather than of artists and writers. But like existentialism, phenomenology has had enormous impact outside philosophical circles. It has been especially influential in theology, the social and political sciences, and psychology and psychoanalysis. Phenomenology is a movement of thinkers who have a variety of interests and points of view; phenomenology itself finds its antecedents in Kant and Hegel (though the movement regarded itself as anything but Hegelian). Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, argued that all objective knowledge is based on phenomena, the data received in sensory experience. In Hegel’s Phenomenology of Mind, beings are treated as phenomena or objects for a consciousness. The world beyond experience, the â€Å"real† world assumed by natural science, is a world concerning which much is unknown and doubtful. But the world-in-experience, the world of pure phenomena, can be explored without the same limitations or uncertainties.

Ethics in the Oil and Gas Industry

Ethics in the Oil and Gas Industry INTRODUCTION This report looks at the importance of ethics in the oil and gas business and its potential impact on business risk and company share value. Ethics refers to the concept of what is right and wrong, and ethical behavior is generally considered behavior that is proper. Business ethics is a form of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and organisations. They are the moral values that guide the way corporations or other businesses make decisions. ETHICS AND BUSINESS RISK There are many instances throughout corporate history of how companies have disregarded ethics or morals in the quest for wealth. This can increase business risk due to breaking the law, damaging their image and the effects of lawsuits and damages. Breaking the Law Bribery and corruption are widespread in the developing nations. Companies say that the only way to get things done is to pay the bribes. Although few companies publicly defend bribing officials in third world countries, many privately condone bribery on several grounds. First, there are strictly financial considerations. Bribes can prevent delays that might otherwise have serious financial implications. In a capitalistic environment, we need an even playing field, and if other businesses engage in bribery, then either we do or face being at a competitive disadvantage. Second, there are practical considerations owing to what appears to be the universal nature of bribery in third world countries. Often foreign government officials are so corrupt that it is virtually impossible to do business without playing by the unspoken rules. Thus, theres nothing morally wrong with participating in bribery. On November 4, 2010 the United States Department of Justice announced a series of settlements whereby seven firms were to pay criminal fines and civil disgorgement penalties amounting to a total of $236.5m, in a settlement in relation to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Five of the firms were Royal Dutch Shell, Transocean Inc, Global SantaFe Corp, Pride International and Noble corporation (Thomson Reuters , 2010). This type of transgression if repeated has the potential to place the companies involved at serious risk. It is this acceptance of thats the way the system works that perpetuates and fuels the bribery culture. If all companies adopted a strong ethical position and refused to pay the bribes the corrupt system would fail. Some companies have taken steps to distance themselves from corruption. BP was the first oil company to support the Publish what you pay campaign, a campaign for greater transparency in oil companies dealings with foreign governments. StatoilHydro was the first major oil company to start disclosing ALL revenues and payments in the countries in which it operates. It has set out a clearly defined ethics code of conduct and is promoting this in the different countries it operates in (Statoil, 2008). Damage to Company Image In the 1990s Shell was involved in a highly damaging controversy in Nigeria. The Ogoni people of the Niger delta, a minority tribe, had seen their land decimated by years of drilling. Ken Saro-Wiwa helped form the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People, and began protesting. The army ordered a brutal crackdown and series of killings, beatings, and arrests took place. Saro-Wiwa was eventually framed for murder and executed. This event was met with widespread condemnation and the bad publicity surrounding it was extremely difficult for Shell. It is difficult to say if Shell were complicit in these events but they certainly could and should have stopped it or at the very least spoken out against it. Shell eventually distanced themselves from Nigeria in an attempt to regain credibility. Total has been in Burma since 1992 and is a supporter of the military regime. The country has an appalling human rights record. Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmas pro-democracy leader, has said that Total has become the main supporter of the Burmese military regime. She told the French weekly Le Nouvel Observateur that TOTAL knew what it was doing when it invested massively in Burma while others withdrew from the market for ethical reasons. She added, the company must accept the consequences. The country will not always be governed by dictators. (Burma Campaign UK , 2007) However unlike Shell this does not worry nor deter Total Unfortunately, the worlds oil and gas reserves are not necessarily located in democracies says Totals website. Lawsuits and Damages On April 20th 2010 the BP operated Macondo well blew out. The Transocean owned Deepwater Horizon drilling rig was destroyed with the loss of 11 lives. The well continued to leak oil into the Gulf of Mexico until it was finally killed on the 17th September 2010. Initial reports show that cost cutting, poor decision making and lack of honesty were important factors in the disaster. Both companies have suffered damage to their company image, reputation and financial well being. BP initially faced all the blame as this was politically convenient to the point that it suddenly became British Petroleum again after a gap of 20 years which clearly showed that the Obama administration was about as ethically sound as either Transocean or BP. BP safety record in the US is poor but much of this is down to the poor condition of assets it inherited during its mergers with Amoco and Arco. Due to its failure to live up to its ethical promises BP is viewed with mistrust bordering on outright hatred in the US whilst elsewhere ethical investors are shying away from it. Tony Hayward, the former group chief executive of BP, stated: Our reputation, and therefore our future as a business, depends on each of us, everywhere, every day, taking personal responsibility for the conduct of BPs business. Sadly even the chief executive failed to live up to his own statement. ETHICS AND SHARE VALUE The effects of this disaster on BP have been significant with BP as a corporate entity particular at risk. The effect of the Macondo disaster on BPs share price was initially catastrophic. As can been seen in Figure 1, the share price collapsed from 650p/share to 300p/share in a little over 2 months. Figure . BP Share Price April 2010 Feb 2011 chart_builder (Livecharts, 2011) BP has had to pay out an initial  £20 billion in clean-up costs and with civil lawsuits pending, the final pay-out is expected to severely impact on the strength of its business. After announcing that it had successfully capped the Macondo well however BP shares rose 8% (Gray, 2010). This proves that investors with equally as little regard to ethics are buying in at the bottom of the market in the hope of making a profit. There have been other cases where poor ethical behaviour has led to significant declines in share price. In January 2004 Royal Dutch Shell announced that it was downgrading nearly 4 billion barrels of proven reserves to the probable category. As a result Shells share price fell by 7%. An internal report by US law firm Davis, Polk and Wardwell, (Moore, 2004) detailed a damaging series of e-mails showing that top managers at the company had known about the inflated reserves for years and had been arguing about whether and how to lie to investors. Conclusion Which means of ethical behaviour a company adopts has been open to much debate. There are some business leaders who think as Milton Friedman did that their duty is, to make as much money as possible while conforming to the basic rules of the society. Others such as Statoil wish to conduct their business to the highest ethical standards possible. Companies have set up Corporate Social Responsibility policies. These policies clearly state the companies ethical and social stand point. The main problem with this is when individuals fail to live up to the statements Unethical business practices will continue to be seen in the oil and gas sector as some companies continue to think that the lack of ethics will have no impact. In many ways they are correct. Shell and Total do not seem to be struggling despite poor ethical records. From a sales point of view ethics, or the lack of them, have little impact. Due to the very nature of the product the ethical stance of the end user will be weaker. When we buy petrol we dont know where it came from or who suffered as a consequence and so companies are protected. The world is reliant on oil and will therefore look the other way as long as it keeps flowing. If these practices continue it may lead to government intervention and regulations that are more financially costly for companies to adhere to. Even more important than governmental intervention, is trust. Companies lacking trust by employees, business partners, and customers will suffer financially in the long-term. Trust, based on ethical reputations, may become even more important in the future (Richardson, 2002/2003). We live in an age where the general public are more attuned to, and aware of, ethical concerns and will base their investment strategies on these principles. In the computer age information is more easily accessed and campaigns against companies can be organised worldwide in days. Companies basing their corporate strategies on strong ethical principles may not show so much short term gain however their long term security will be assured.

This paper examines the type of corporation which meets James’s best

This paper examines the type of corporation which meets James’s best interest. Abstract This paper examines the type of corporation which meets James’s best interest. A company can be set up with or without shares available to the public, divided into the public company which is expensive to obtain and maintain, and the private company which is appreciated by most businesses to begin with. Also, there are limited and unlimited companies. In addition, a company can be classified as limited by guarantee or limited by capital shares which are in most companies’ favour. These are governed in the main by the Companies Act 1985 and relevant case law. Introduction There are several types of company. The most common company is a limited company, the liability of the members being limited to the amount they have previously agreed. According to Denis Keenan (1996), a corporation is a succession or collection of persons having at law an existence, rights and duties, separate and distinct from those of the persons who are from time to time its members. This paper explains the reasons to form a company, and the reasons why a private company is more preferable than the public one, together with the discussion of the company limited by guarantee and unlimited company. Finally, the cases in Salomon v. Salomon Co. (1897) and Marcaura v Northern Assurance Co. Ltd help to evaluate the principle of personal succession which is the unique feature of being a company. Across the paper, James is given recommendations to the type of company which best suits his needs. a) Advantages of Incorporation Incorporating a company offers James many advantages, even if he is doing one-person business. Some of these advantages are: - Separate legal personality. A corporation is by law recognized as a separate legal person. Since a partner in a general partnership represents an agent of the business, when a change happens about partners, it in most times differentiates the partnership. On the other hand, a corporation is not dependent on the life of shareholders, directors, and officers, and will not be affected by changes in, deaths and retirement of its members since it is by law recognized as a separate ‘person’. Furthermore, the day-to-day business is running unaffected. As a separate person, a company can enter into transaction i... ... states that a shareholder is permitted to change the contents of the article and memorandum by special resolutions. A quick company may be born and improved to best meet James’s needs. It should be mentioned that the company is better to be limited by a capital share, as the limited by guarantee is not very keen on the profit-generating process. Bibliographies Books Andrew Hicks & S.H.Goo (2001) Cases & Materials on Company Law (4th ed.). London, Blackstone Press Limited. Denis Keenan (1996) Smith & Keenan’s Company Law for Students (10th ed.). London, Pitman Publishing Geoffrey Morse (1999) Charlesworth &Morse Company Law (16th ed.) London: Sweet & Maxwell. Janet Dine (2001) Janet Dine Company Law (4th ed.). Palgrave Law Masters Paul L. Davies (2003) Gower and Davies Principles of Modern Company Law (7th ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell. S. Kunalen & Susan Mckenzie (2001). Blackstone’s Law Questions & Answers- Company Law (2nd ed.). London, Blackstone Press Limited. Stephen Mayson, Dereck French & Christopher Ryan (2000) Mayson French & Ryan on Company Law (17th ed.). London: Blackstone Press Limited. Web materials www.businesslink.gov.uk

Capital Punishment Essay - We Need the Death Penalty :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

We Need the Death Penalty For the past several years Americans have regularly listed crime and violence as the number - one problem facing the nation, far surpassing worries over the economy or health care. Despite the many government and community initiatives launched during recent years to reduce crime, most Americans see no improvement. In a 1993 survey asking respondents if they felt crime was increasing or decreasing in their areas, only 5 % felt that it was decreasing, a full 93 % felt that crime was either increasing or staying the same. And it is not just statistics: I consider myself along with those 93 %. Because while Guiliani administration is talking about crime rates in the New York City going down, all I see and hear in the media are reports about horrible crimes committed by New Yorkers. As George Pettinico states in his article " Crime and punishment: America changes it's mind ": The media's extensive coverage of crime, especially the most brutal and horrific cases have heightened the public's fear and anger over this issue to a near frenzy. When asked in January of this year, " How often do you see reports of violent crime on television ? " 68 % replied " almost every day ". Although the media have played an important role in raising the public's awareness of lawlessness, crime in America is far from a media - created phenomenon. Government statistics support the image of a nation which has overwhelmingly lost the war against crime. For instance, in 1960 there were 161 reported violent crimes per 100,000 people By 1992, the figure had jumped to 758 per 100,000 -- a rise of over 350 %. More and more people today are starting to think that something is terribly wrong when a modern, civilized nation must confront statistics like these. The American public is demanding an end to this violence, and surveys show that they believe swift and harsh punishment is the most appropriate and effective means to these ends. The death penalty, or as it is sometimes being called " capital punishment " is the hardest punishment that could be received when a person is convicted of a capital offense. Until recently it did not exist in New York State but after new governor, George Pataki was elected he managed to bring it back. Since September 1, 1994 the death penalty law was in effect. And even though, as far as I know, there is no strong statistical evidence that the death penalty lowers the murder rate, many people were very happy

Using Aesthetic Guidelines in Elegant and Efficient Ways

Using aesthetic guidelines in elegance and efficient manner, acquire optimisation of open constructions improved.Undertaking summeryThis undertaking seeks to understand relationship between optimisation of open constructions and aesthetic. During formal instruction, applied scientists and designers may be exposed to issues of efficiency in design but they are seldom expected to turn to the aesthetics of their designs. In the workplace every bit good, there is really small counsel for applied scientists and designers wishing to turn to both aesthetics and efficiency more closely in design. Therefore, research job is: the relationship of aesthetics and efficiency of open constructions such as columns and trusses in public edifices has been acutely overlooked. Except for a limited successful undertaking in structural art, we have confronted with deficiency of aesthetic characteristic in constructions and besides limited specii ¬?c regulations are enforced in current design codifications about aesthetic characteristics. Some structural creative person such as Fazlorkhan and Nervi presume the thought that â€Å" a construction that is efficient will automatically be elegant † ( Woodruff & A ; Billington, 2007 ) . Khan steadfastly asserts that â€Å" construction is based on a sort of ground expressed mathematical theories, which has its ain built-in aesthetics. â€Å" ( Khan, 1981 ) . This Idea is versus the impression that much money must be spent to bring forth a beautiful construction. â€Å" ( Nan Hu, Feng, & A ; Dai, 2014 ) . This research proposal is to look into the balance between optimisation of open constructions with its aesthetic and structures beauty. More specifically, the purpose of this undertaking is to look into to develop conceptual programs and ocular guidelines for bettering the aesthetics and efficiency of open constructions particularly those in public infinite in interaction with people. This undertaking asks: What are the cardinal factors in structural design that affect its aesthetic, Wha t factors in open construction design can take us to hold efficient and elegance design?Research ObjectiveThe undermentioned research aims are formulated to accomplish the purpose of this survey: I. To develop conceptual programs and ocular guidelines for bettering the aesthetics and efficiency of open constructions. two. To place what factors in open constructions particularly columns and trusses design, can take to efficient and elegance design. three. To find how optimisation can consequence on aesthetic. four. To measure columns and trusses design for public infinite in order to hold optimize and beautiful construction together.HypothesisThere are 2 different premise about relationship between construction and aesthetic. But utmost prejudice about elegance of optimized construction or high cost of elegance construction is under challenge. I. There are distinguishable relationship between construction and optimisation with aesthetic. two. The thought that a construction that is efficient will automatically be elegant is non ever true. three. The impression that much money must be spent to bring forth a beautiful construction is misconception. four. Optimized constructions have their built-in aesthetic but this function will non use to any construction.Research QuestionsThis survey is covering with the following research inquiries: I. What are the cardinal factors in structural design that affect its aesthetic? two. How optimisation in open constructions can impact their aesthetic in order to do constructions more elegance to pull more people in public edifice? three. What factors in expose construction design can take us to hold efficient and elegance design?Research BackgroundIn understanding construct of aesthetic, because of different assignments and instruction backgrounds, there has been a long treatment between designer and structural applied scientist ( Nan Hu et al. , 2014 ; Sev, 2001 ) . Historically close relationship between professions such as architecture and structural technology are undeniable. Among the separating features between the two is the issue of aesthetic and efficiency ( Allen, 2010 ; Burke Jr, 1989 ; Nervi, 1965 ; Woodruff & A ; Billington, 2007 ) . Since the beginning of human idea, aesthetics have been a topic of philosophical argument. The simple inquiry, â€Å" what is beauty? † many replies are given to this inquiry by designers, philosophers, and applied scientists ( Lothian, 1999 ) . The major alteration occurred, when beauty as inherent in the object, displacement to sing it as â€Å" in the eyes of the perceiver † ( Arnett, 1955 ; N Hu & A ; Dai ; Lothian, 1999 ; Malan & A ; Bredemeyer, 2002 ; Rodriguez ) .Santayana stated ( Arnett, 1955 ) , that the experience of aesthetic is a hint to the character of the single holding that experience. Santayana besides asserts that the â€Å" aesthetic component should non i ¬?nally be abstracted from the practical and moral map of things † ( Arnett, 1955 ) . The beauty of efficient constructions initiates resonance in the scruples of the spectator ( Saliklis, Bauer, & A ; Billington, 2008 ) . Therefore, the aesthetic quality of a efficient structural signifier needfully arises within the restraints of the engineer’s ethical duty to society ( D. P. Billington, 1997 ; Burke & A ; Montoney, 1996 ) . While designers may underscore aesthetic to changing grades, applied scientists have to plan expeditiously because that is the most of import purpose of structural design. And the greatest plants of structural creative persons, integrate economic system, efi ¬?ciency, and elegance ( Billington, 1983 ) . Since the rise of the modern span technology, nevertheless, great aesthetic value of construction has been cited by many structural creative persons ( N Hu & A ; Dai ) . The applied scientists began to understand the immune behaviour of constructions and the strength of stuffs. Larger buildings was built due to the new stuffs and hence, it became important to better apprehension of how they performed ( Billington, 1984 ; Schlaich, 2006 ; Sev, 2001 ) . Therefore, structural technology initiated to hold a scientific footing and as a consequence, split between architecture and construction became wider ( Billington, 1984 ) . When Telford’s 1812 began to compose an essay on Bridg ess, it makes modern structural creative persons witting of the aesthetic ideals that guided their plants. The outstanding illustration of a structural art is, possibly, Brooklyn Bridge in New York and Eiffel Tower in Paris ( Billington, 1984 ; Burke & A ; Montoney, 1996 ) . America became the technological leader and the centre of the artistic universe, After World War II. Many great structural creative persons immigrated to the US and had the chance to set their thought into pattern ( Nan Hu et al. , 2014 ) . Mies van der rohe, one of the most of import designer and structural creative person, survived the daze of the transatlantic crossing best and continued his thought to foreground â€Å" Less is more † , which can be seen in his plants in Chicago and Illinois ( N Hu & A ; Dai ) . Furthermore, construct of â€Å" Form follows map, † besides helped to give rise to the â€Å" international manner † ( Lambert, 1993 ; Menn, 1996 ) . Alongside with international manner, some structural creative person such as Nervi and Fazlorkhan province the construct that â€Å" a construction that is efficient will automatically be elegant † . ( Nan Hu et al. , 2014 ) . Khan asserts that â€Å" construction is based on a sort of ground expressed mathematical theories, which has its ain built-in aesthetics. † ( Sabina Khan, 2013 ) . Simplicity of construction means paying attending to structural inside informations, and guaranting that the construction be every bit efi ¬?cient as possible. He states that â€Å" good elaborate and efi ¬?cient constructions possess the natural elegance of slenderness and ground, and have perchance a higher value than the caprices of a priori aesthetics imposed by designers who do non cognize how to work closely with applied scientists, and who do non hold an interior feeling for natural structural signifiers † ( Sabina Khan, 2013 ) . Nervi said that esteeming what is structurally rational and econo mically prudent really establishes the â€Å" rightness † and the â€Å" moralss † of edifice ( Nervi, 1965 ) . Architecture has faced infinite manners in order to make desire aesthetic, but the principium behind the structural art hunt for a cost-efficient and performance-efi ¬?cient design ( Billington, 1984 ; Schlaich, 2006 ) . â€Å" The aesthetic look of a structural signifier is neither a pure desire to i ¬?nd a form for ornament nor a subordination of its map ; otherwise a construction would be overdesigned without any visual aspect of structural art † ( Schlaich, 2006 ) . Surveies have shown how design evolved to accomplish an efi ¬?cient and elegance construction by understanding rules of structural. For illustration, Othmar Ammann designed Bayonne Bridge which can be considered work of structural art when compared to the similar design used in the Hell Gate Bridge, due to latter was less monumental and more functional ( Gauvreau, 2007 ; Thrall & A ; Billington, 2008 ) . Another illustration, the structural efi ¬?ciency of Felix Candela’s Cuernavaca Chapel was achieved due to the understanding structural rule of shell. Candela minimized flexing minute in the shell and introduced the basic signifier of the inflated paraboloid for the design of ribs ( Draper, Garlock, & A ; Billington, 2008 ) . This type of structural signifiers have characteristics of higher efi ¬?ciency and elegance visual aspect together. Therefore, elegance constructions do non necessitate utmost cost needfully ( S. L. Billington, 1997 ; Menn, 1996 ; Woodruff & A ; Billington, 2007 ) . Many illustrations have shown that within the bounds of structural feasibleness and efi ¬?ciency, accomplishing an aesthetic end is possible. The history and aesthetics of cable-stayed Bridgess was discussed ( Billington & A ; Nazmy, 1991 ) . Another illustration was shown by Honigmann and Billington discussed the Sunniberg Bridge, designed by Christian Menn, to demo how simple computations of conceptual design can take to an ab initio aesthetically and structurally sensible span design ( Honigmann & A ; Billington, 2003 ) . Most recent structural creative persons valued aesthetic characteristic even more in their design works. Eduardo Torroja said that â€Å" the enjoyment and witting apprehension of aesthetic pleasance will without uncertainty be much greater if, through cognition of the regulations of harmoniousness, we can bask all the rei ¬?nement sand flawlessnesss of the edifice in inquiry. † ( Torroja, 1962 ) .Problem StatementDue to the long argument between designers and structural applied scientists about efficiency and aesthetic, we have faced two misconception about structural design: the thought that â€Å" a construction that is efi ¬?cient will automatically be elegant † ( Khan, 1981 ) . This Idea is versus the impression that much money must be spent to bring forth a beautiful construction. â€Å" ( Nan Hu et al. , 2014 ) . For illustration structural design such as The Alamillo Bridge that are aesthetically advanced, structurally rational to construct ( Guest, Draper, & A ; Billington, 2012 ) . Yet designers and structural applied scientists tend to pay comparatively small attending to efficiency and aesthetics at the same clip for structural design. In the workplace every bit good, there is really small counsel for applied scientists and designers wishing to turn to both aesthetics and efficiency more closely in design. The relationship of aesthetics and efficiency of open constructions such as columns and trusses in public edifices has been sorely overlooked. Hence, except for a limited successful undertaking in structural art, we have confronted with deficiency of aesthetic characteristic in constructions and besides limited specii ¬?c regulations are enforced in current design codifications about aesthetic characteristics. Besides, many efficient construction are non beautif ul besides many beautiful construction are non efficient either. Therefore, aesthetic guidelines for optimize construction are needed to be done.Research GapThere is small specii ¬?c guideline about aesthetic characteristics of constructions, but many research workers proposed general guidelines on betterment of aesthetics. ( Leonhardt, 1984 ) formulated 10 regulations for span design and ( Troitsky, 1994 ) besides gave 10 demands for span aesthetics. In Leonhardt’s book Bridges, the nine regulations of aesthetics have presented. All these rules could be sorted into two groups, to better the elegance of constructions and to better their harmoniousness with the environment. Sarah Billington ‘s PhD thesis is besides approximately bettering criterions short and moderate span span in aesthetic manner ( S. L. Billington, 1997 ) . Although regulations can non vouch the elegance and efficiency of a construction at the same clip, at least they can assist interior decorators a void certain sorts of unattractive designs. ( Nan Hu et al. , 2014 ) . There are really many rules and really many ways to happen them out. However, no counsel is given as to how to set them together in one undertaking ( D. P. Billington, 1997 ) . There is small aesthetic guideline that merely use to bridge ( Burke Jr, 1989 ) . And other type of constructions peculiarly exposed construction such as columns and trusses in public infinite due to its important function to pull people to architecture demand to be surveyed.Research MethodThe purpose of this survey is to look into the balance between optimisation in open construction ( columns and trusses ) in public edifice with its aesthetic and construction beauty. It will research optimisation of open construction with package analyze and quantitative method and will analyze their success in aesthetic guideline with interviews. This survey will use the assorted methods consecutive explanatory design for this intent of informations agg regation. The assorted methods consecutive explanatory attack chiefly consists of two peculiar phases: quantitative followed by the qualitative stage ( Ivankova, Creswell, & A ; Stick, 2006 ; Tashakkori & A ; Creswell, 2007 ) . Figure 1: The Mixed-Methods Sequential Explanatory DesignMentionAllen, B. ( 2010 ) . Architect and Engineer: A Study in Sibling Rivalry ( reappraisal ) .Common Knowledge, 16( 1 ) , 157-157. Arnett, W. E. ( 1955 ) . Santayana and the Sense of Beauty. Billington, D. P. ( 1983 ) . The tower and the span.Princeton U, 1983. Billington, D. P. ( 1984 ) . Constructing Bridges: Positions on Recent Engineering.Annalss of the New York Academy of Sciences, 424( 1 ) , 309-324. Billington, D. P. ( 1997 ) .Robert Maillart: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Billington, D. P. , & A ; Nazmy, A. ( 1991 ) . History and aesthetics of cable-stayed Bridgess.Journal of Structural Engineering, 117( 10 ) , 3103-3134. Billington, S. L. ( 1997 ) .Bettering standard Bridgess through aesthetic guidelines and attractive, efficient concrete infrastructures.University of Texas at Austin. Burke Jr, M. P. ( 1989 ) . Bridge Design and the â€Å"Bridge Aesthetics Bibliograph† .Journal of Structural Engineering, 115( 4 ) , 883-899. Burke, M. P. , & A ; Montoney, J. ( 1996 ) . Science, engineering, and aesthetics: three facets of design excellence.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1549( 1 ) , 93-98. Draper, P. , Garlock, M. E. , & A ; Billington, D. P. ( 2008 ) . Finite-element analysis of Felix Candela’s chapel of Lomas de Cuernavaca.Journal of Architectural Engineering, 14( 2 ) , 47-52. Gauvreau, P. ( 2007 ) . Invention and aesthetics in span technology.The Canadian Civil Engineer, 23( 5 ) , 10-12. Guest, J. K. , Draper, P. , & A ; Billington, D. P. ( 2012 ) . Santiago Calatrava’s Alamillo span and the thought of the structural applied scientist as creative person.Journal of Bridge Engineering, 18( 10 ) , 936-945. Honigmann, C. , & A ; Billington, D. P. ( 2003 ) . Conceptual design for the Sunniberg Bridge.Journal of Bridge Engineering, 8( 3 ) , 122-130. Hu, N. , & A ; Dai, G. From separate to combine——the ever-changing boundary line between architectural art and structural art. Hu, N. , Feng, P. , & A ; Dai, G.-L. ( 2014 ) . Structural art: Past, nowadays and hereafter.Engineering Structures, 79, 407-416. Ivankova, N. V. , Creswell, J. W. , & A ; Stick, S. L. ( 2006 ) . Using mixed-methods consecutive explanatory design: From theory to pattern.Field Methods, 18( 1 ) , 3-20. Khan, F. R. ( 1981 ) . Structural Theories and their Architectural Expression–A Review of Possibilities.The Chicago Architectural Journal, 1, 41. Lambert, S. ( 1993 ) .Form Follows Function: Design in the 20 Th Century: Victoria & A ; Albert Museum London. Leonhardt, F. ( 1984 ) .Bridges. Lothian, A. ( 1999 ) . Landscape and the doctrine of aesthetics: is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the oculus of the perceiver?Landscape and urban planning, 44( 4 ) , 177-198. Malan, R. , & A ; Bredemeyer, D. ( 2002 ) . Less is more with minimalist architecture.IT professional, 4( 5 ) , 48, 46-47. Menn, C. ( 1996 ) . The topographic point of aesthetics in span design.Structural technology international, 6( 2 ) , 93-95. Nervi, P. L. ( 1965 ) .Aestheticss and engineering in edifice: Harvard Univ Pr. Rodriguez, S.The Role of Aesthetics in Bridge Design.Paper presented at the Structures Congress 2008 @ sCrossing Boundary lines. Sabina Khan, Y. ( 2013 ) . Dr. Fazlur R. Khan ( 1929–1982 ) : technology innovator of modern architecture.Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 9( 1 ) , 1-7. Saliklis, E. P. , Bauer, M. , & A ; Billington, D. P. ( 2008 ) . Simplicity, Scale, and Surprise: Evaluating Structural Form.Journal of Architectural Engineering, 14( 1 ) , 25-29. Schlaich, J. ( 2006 ) . Engineering—Structural Art—ArtJames Carpenter( pp. 8-9 ) : Springer. Sev, A. ( 2001 ) . Integrating architecture and structural signifier in tall steel edifice design.CTBUH Review, 1( 2 ) , 24-31. Tashakkori, A. , & A ; Creswell, J. W. ( 2007 ) . Column: The new epoch of assorted methods.Journal of assorted methods research, 1( 1 ) , 3-7. Bondage, A. P. , & A ; Billington, D. P. ( 2008 ) . Bayonne Bridge: The Work of Othmar Ammann, Master Builder.Journal of Bridge Engineering, 13( 6 ) , 635-643. Torroja, E. ( 1962 ) .Doctrine of Structure: University of California Press. Troitsky, M. S. ( 1994 ) .Planing and design of Bridgess: John Wiley & A ; Sons. Woodruff, S. , & A ; Billington, D. P. ( 2007 ) . Aesthetics and economic system in prosaic span design.International Journal of Space Structures, 22( 1 ) , 81-89.

Hypocrisy in Catcher in the Rye Essay

Holden Caulfield is one of the most hypocritical characters in literature. He spends the entire book complaining about all of the ‘phonies’ around him when in truth he is one of the biggest phonies of all. Throughout the novel, there are many events where Holden exemplifies his hypocrisy. There are three primary examples. Holden first displays hypocrisy when he met Earnest Morrow’s mother on the train on his way to New York. Also, when he speaks about Stradlater’s sexual advances and his own. Finally, excellent examples of Holden’s hypocritical actions are the several times he goes to the bars while in New York. Holden boarded a late train to New York where an attractive older woman chose to sit right next to him instead of any of the other seats in the cart. The woman noticed Holden had a Pencey Prep sticker on his suitcase and asked if he went there and if he knew her son, Ernest Morrow. Holden says yes and the woman was very happy and sweet. However, Holden truly exemplifies his own personal phoniness when she asks him what his name was. Holden quickly said, ‘Rudolf Schmidt,’ who was actually the janitor at Pencey. Holden then started, â€Å"shooting the old crap around a little bit† (Salinger 71). Holden told some of the most absurd lies to Mrs. Morrow about her son. He referred to Ernest like they were good friends when he said, † Old Ernie† He’s one of the most popular boys at Pencey† (73). Then Holden † Really started chucking the old crap around† (73). Holden then starts telling lies about the class elections and how a bunch of kids wanted old Ernie to be president, and that he was the unanimous vote, and how he thought he’d really be able to handle the job (Salinger 74). Meanwhile, when Holden thinks about Ernest Morrow, he referred to him as â€Å"doubtless the biggest bastard that ever went to Pencey, in the whole crumby history of the school† (71). This alone shows how even though Holden has a problem with people who are fake to him; he has no problem being fake to other people. Also, when Mrs. Morrow asks why he is leaving Pencey early, he lies once again and says he is going for an operation on a brain tumor. This one quick event in the novel shows how Holden doesn’t recognize his own absurd hypocrisy and creates double tandards for him and others without any regard to what he is actually doing. At Pencey, Holden has a roommate named Stradlater, whom Holden thinks is a promiscuous jerk that has a very easy time getting girls. In the beginning of the story, Holden complains about Stradlater calling him names such as a sexy bastard because of the way he uses girls so loosely and freely for his own sexual pleasures. However, Holden later contradicts himself when he becomes ‘a little horny’; he decides to call a girl named Faith Cavendish. Holden has never met Faith but had heard of her at a party from one of his friends. Holden called her because his friend told him that she didn’t mind having sex with people just for fun. This directly goes back to what he says about Stradlater creating yet another double standard between him and others. This example of hypocrisy from Holden truly shows his disregard for his opinions on other people and how they compare to his own actions. Holden furthers his phoniness when he accepts an offer for a prostitute to visit him in his room. Although he did not use the prostitute for sex and instead tries to talking to her, he still shows how he doesn’t realize that what he is doing is actually becoming the image of a man he detested. Another significant example of Holden’s phoniness can be seen several times in the novel when he goes to bars to try to pick up women and drink whiskey. Holden loves his smart, younger sister phoebe, and his perfect, diseased brother, Allie, because they haven’t grown up or lost their innocence. Holden loves little kids but doesn’t like adults because they’re all phonies to him. Holden also doesn’t like the idea of women or anything sexual. That is why he wants to be â€Å"the catcher in the rye† (224). Holden’s personality shows that he is terrified of growing up and that he wants to maintain his innocence as long as possible, yet he constantly tries to keep the image of an older, suave man in order to get women and alcohol at the bars. Instead of maintaining his innocence, he desperately tries to look older in order to get alcohol and in one case pick up several women, completely disregarding his morals. One of Holden’s biggest judgments of people is if they’re a phony or not. Holden thinks that adults, movies, and anything mainstream is phony. He doesn’t like his brother D. B. because he went out to Hollywood to write movies and that makes him a phony. Holden also thinks religion is phony, but yet he loves Jesus. Holden accuses just about everything in the world around him as being phony, but in actuality, Holden is the biggest phony of all. He is very hypocritical of people and things. He claims he hates the movies but yet whenever a new one comes out, he must go see it, and he doesn’t like religion but yet when he visits nuns, he likes them a lot and doesn’t think they’re phonies. Holden is a hypocrite throughout the entire book but never admits to being a phony himself. As a reader, this makes it quite difficult to trust Holden. Since Holden is our narrator, all of the people he mentions are views of them through his opinion, and since he isn’t trustworthy, the reader has to be doubtful of the information Holden gives. Some might argue that Holden just likes to lie. Holden Caulfield is one of the biggest hypocritical characters in literature.

Mixed Method Research Design Essay

Introduction. This essay is devoted to a mixed method research design. In the paper special attention is paid to quantitative and qualitative approach for the design of a research as essential components of a mixed research paradigm. A mixed method design. There are main research paradigms in education and science. They are: quantitative research, qualitative research and mixed research. A mixed research design is a general type of research that includes quantitative and qualitative research data, techniques and methods. All these paradigm characteristics are mixed in one case study. This method design involves research that uses mixed data (numbers and text) and additional means (statistics and text analysis). A mixed method uses both deductive and inductive scientific method, has multiple forms of data collecting and produces eclectic and pragmatic reports (Creswell 2002, p.69).   Two main types of a mixed method are: mixed method and mixed model research. A mixed research method is a research in which you use quantitative data for one stage of a research study and qualitative data for a second stage of a research. A mixed model design is a research in which you use both quantitative and qualitative data in one or two stages of the research process. The mixing of quantitative and qualitative approaches happens in every stage of a research. In a research it is important to use a mixed research method for the conducting of a detailed research. The advantages of a mixed research are: The strength of the research; Use of multiple methods in a research helps to research a process or a problem from all sides; Usage of different approaches helps to focus on a single process and confirms the data accuracy. A mixed research complements a result from one type of research with another one. This research does not miss any available data. Difference of quantitative and qualitative components of a mixed method design. A quantitative component of a mixed research assumes the usage of deductive scientific method while qualitative component assumes inductive scientific method. Moreover, a quantitative approach collects quantitative data based on exact measurement applying structured as well as validated information collection (Creswell 2002, p.74). For instance, rating scales, closed-ended items and responses. This approach produces statistical report with correlations. A qualitative component uses qualitative information. For instance, interview, field notes, open-ended questions etc. This approach considers a researcher to be the major means of information collection. At the end of a research this approach supposes a narrative report with context description, quotations taken from research material. It is important to stress that there are many ways of research performing. Quantitative and qualitative methods have their advantages and disadvantages in a research. However, you may summarize the advantages of both methods and have accurate information on implementation, findings and conclusions of your research project. Qualitative and quantitative research methods have different strengths, weaknesses and requirements that affect researcher’s project accuracy. The aim of a mixed method design is to summarize positive aspects of two approaches and produce a highly accurate data (Creswell 2002, p.98). When you use several methods in your research process, then you can use the strength of every type of information collection and minimize the weak points of every of both approaches. A mixed method approach of gathering and evaluation can increase the validity and accuracy of the information. Conclusion. The essay briefly analyzes a mixed method research design including the major components: quantitative and qualitative approach for the design of a research. The paper proves the effectiveness of a mixed method design. References. Creswell J. W. (2002). â€Å"Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Appro†. Sage Publications; 2 edition, 246 pp.

Haier Human Resources Management

HRM Effectiveness Evaluation Synergy makes it possible! HRM Effectiveness Evaluation Synergy makes it possible! To Sir Sohail Islam By Group # 3 Date 24-01-2008 Letter of Transmittal GIFT University Gujranwala, Pakistan January, 09, 2008 Mr. Sohail Islam GIFT University Gujranwala, Pakistan Dear Sir, The report is focused on evaluating the effectiveness of Human Resource Department of any multinational Company. We chose Haier for this purpose.We are very thankful to you that you gave us the opportunity to work on such topic, which really made us aware of a lot of hidden facts about the practical HR work done at companies. You helped us a lot in defining this topic. We are very grateful to you that you think us capable of this. Really, we have given our full in this report. We hope it will be above your expectations. Yours affectionately, Zain Hameed, Sarfraz Ahmed, Zohaib Khalid, Umair Ameen, Usman Khalid. Table of Contents Topics Detail |Page Number | |Executive Summary |1 | |Int roduction |3 | |Introduction to Haier |6 | |Company Background |6 | |Company Facts |9 | |Corporate Overview |9 | |Global Presence |10 | |Board of Directors |10 | |Recognition |10 | |Leadership at Haier |12 | |Haier’s HR |14 | |Conception of HR 14 | |Challenge your content, manage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ |16 | |Values and Philosophy |18 | |Haier in Pakistan |32 | |Evaluation of HR Department |34 | |Conclusion |50 | |References | | Executive Summary This project is concerned with evaluating effectiveness of an HR Department in any multinational company. For the above-described activity, we chose well-known transnational electronic appliances manufacturing company named as â€Å"Haier†. Haier Pakistan holds its office at Raiwind Road. Haier Pakistan has split its HR Department in two parts. One part deals with marketing and distribution employees, while other deals with rest of the employees including administration, accounting, finance, security, and production depart ments.As discussed above, our task was to evaluate the effectiveness of the HR department, and for this purpose we focused on one part of Haier’s HR Department that deals with administration, accounting, finance, security, and production departments. First of all we defined these functions and then evaluated effectiveness of each function in Haier’s HR Department. Haier was incorporated in 1984 only producing household refrigerators. In 2004, Haier’s global sales hit RMB100. 9 billion and Haier brand, valued at RMB61. 6 billion, topped all Chinese trademarks at a nationwide survey. Haier was ranked first in the row of China’s Top 10 Global Brands August 30, 2005 on the Financial Times. Haier CEO Zhang Ruimin was placed 26th of the World’s 50 Most Respected Business Leaders on 17th November, 2005 on Financial Times.Haier’s international promotion framework encompasses global networks for design, procurement, production, distribution and after -sales services. Haier has established 15 manufacture complexes, 30 overseas production factories, 8 design centers and 58,800 sales agents worldwide. From Euro-monitor Statistics, Haier is currently ranked fourth among the global white goods makers by revenue and Haier’s goal is to play a leading role in the world white goods industry. Facing the challenges brought by E-commerce and China’s accession to the WTO, Haier began a management restructuring program in 1998 backed by the efficient Haier Market-chain System practice.During first 5 years, Haier focused on the organization restructuring, management decentralizing with application of advanced information and network systems in order fulfillment, Market-chain performance, logistics, capital operation, after-sales service, product inventory and operational cost reduction. During second 5 year period from 2003, Haier carried out the SBU (strategic business unit) management to stimulate the enthusiasm of every employ ee and to enhance Haier’s competitiveness in global marketplace. Haier has 51,000 full time employees and hires 175,000 contract service personnel, providing a total of 230,000 job opportunities. Haier’s management has been worldwide recognized.Haier has been recommended to the EU Case Studies by Lausanne Management College for Haier Market-chain Management. Haier’s goal is to become a global recognizable brand. (â€Å"Company Background†) The Haier Group is China’s largest home appliance brand and one of the world’s leading white goods home appliance manufacturers. By April 2006, the Haier Group has obtained 6,189 patented technology certificates and 589 software intellectual property rights. Haier products are sold in over 100 countries. Haier is the official Home Appliances Sponsor of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. As CEO, Mr. Zhang’s current goal is to further enhance Haier’s leadership in Chinese and global markets and st rengthen the reputation of Haier’s brand worldwide.The philosophy is the driving force behind the motivation and enthusiasm of Haier’s staff of over 50,000 employees worldwide. Haier is now widely recognized in the world. Haier’s production and management system restructuring has enabled Haier to diversify internal and external resources. Haier’s goal is to obtain worldwide recognition and to become one of Fortune Global 500. Haier Pakistan is the Pakistan Sales & Marketing division of the international Haier Group, a globally recognized manufacturer of world-class electrical home appliances. In the next portion evaluation of Haier’s HR department is done on the following basis. †¢ HR Department †¢ HR Planning Analysis and Design of Work †¢ Training and Development †¢ Performance Evaluation We have asked different questions, which are mentioned in the report, which leaded us to following conclusions. There should be a General Ma nager HR, who should be formally trained in HRM. At Haier, Administration Department is merged with Human Resource Department. HR Department should be separate from Administration Department. There are less than enough HR professionals in the Department. According to our information, Haier practices downsizing. Even if Downsizing is inevitable, then lay off employees should be adjusted to other sister organizations, like Haier has SV-RUBA.While designing jobs, The HR department takes information through relevant HODs. The work flow is not documented at Haier. Haier HR Department takes JIT decisions. Haier’s first priority is internal sources for recruitment. The employees who come from internal sources are usually friends or relatives of existing employees. Nepotism is practiced, highly, at Haier. Nepotism reduces the efficiency of employees. Haier’s HR Department does not have any research regarding any issue. Company does not have any system to measure the change in performance and behavior after training. The minimum basic pay at Haier is 4,000. More than 1500 people are working at Haier.Haier’s employees should be given proper and formal training to work on a particular kind of machine. There should be sessions, in which employees should be trained regarding safe work practices. Haier HR department is of the view that most accidents are due to carelessness of employees. Even if it is true, still it is fault of HR department that they did not provide proper training to employees regarding safe work practices. Introduction This project is concerned with evaluating effectiveness of an HR Department in any multinational company. The word, HRM Audit, is also used to describe this activity, but the word, audit, creates some problems in some cases.Audit, usually, refers to financial audits, which is statutorily conducted, and has some negative meanings attached with it for some involved parties, so it would be very wise to call it the evaluat ion or effectiveness measure instead of Audit. For the above-described activity, we chose well-known transnational electronic appliances manufacturing company named as â€Å"Haier†. Haier is expanding very quickly, and has opened many subsidiaries in many countries including Pakistan. Haier Pakistan holds its office at Raiwind Road. This Office is a small portion of a giant size manufacturing plant at the same location. Haier Pakistan has split its HR Department in two parts. One part deals with marketing and distribution employees, while other deals with rest of the employees including administration, accounting, finance, security, and production departments.As discussed above, our task was to evaluate the effectiveness of the HR department, and for this purpose we focused on one part of Haier’s HR Department that deals with administration, accounting, finance, security, and production departments. We split our evaluation work in components. These components were acco rding to different HR Functions. First of all we defined these functions and then evaluated effectiveness of each function in Haier’s HR Department. For this purpose we decided to adopt interviewing approach, because it was most suitable, quick and reliable method as we planned to record each word of that interview. But before doing our desired work, we had to get some general information about Haier, because if you don’t know something, then you can never know a component of that particular thing.Actually our focus is to check the effectiveness of a part of picture by taking whole picture in mind, so a brief introduction about Haier, its History, its leader ship, its achievements, its philosophy and values, its HR Conception, and, most importantly, information about its presence in Pakistan is given below before starting the Evaluation work. Introduction to Haier Company Background Haier was incorporated in 1984 only producing household refrigerators. Over the past 20 years, the company has witnessed significant prosperity and is now a transnational organization widely recognized in the world community. Haier currently manufactures a wide range of household electrical appliances, 15,100 varieties of items in 96 product lines, and exports products to more than 100 countries. In 2004, Haier’s global sales hit RMB100. 9 billion and Haier brand, valued at RMB61. 6 billion, topped all Chinese trademarks at a nationwide survey. Haier was ranked first in the row f China’s Top 10 Global Brands August 30, 2005 on the Financial Times. Haier CEO Zhang Ruimin was placed 26th of the World’s 50 Most Respected Business Leaders on 17th November, 2005 on Financial Times. Zhang Ruimin was ranked 6th of the Asia’s 25 Most Powerful People in Business on Fortune in August, 2004 and first of the 25 Most Powerful Business Leaders inside China on the Chinese Edition of Fortune in April 2005. Haier’s international promotion framework e ncompasses global networks for design, procurement, production, distribution and after-sales services. Haier has established 15 manufacture complexes, 30 overseas production factories, 8 design centers and 58,800 sales agents worldwide.From Zhongyikang Statistics, Haier’s leadership position in Chinese home appliance industry has been solidified by obtaining the domestic market share of 21% for overall appliances, far ahead of all its competitors, 34% for white goods, exceeding globally recognized domination line, and 14% for small electric appliances, overtaking all previous competitive rivals. In the world market, Haier has gained first place in the United States for sales of compact refrigerators and wine coolers, in Iran for washing machines and Cyprus for air conditioners. From Euro-monitor Statistics, Haier is currently ranked fourth among the global white goods makers by revenue and Haier’s goal is to play a leading role in the world white goods industry.On Marc h 4, 2002, Haier unveiled its American headquarters in the landmark neo-classical building, the former offices of the Greenwich Savings Bank, on Broadway, Manhattan, New York, an indication that Haier had moved into a new phase for globalization of product design, manufacture and sales and had a strong determination for long-term development in the United States. On August 20, 2003, Haier erected an electric billboard in the shopping district of Ginza, Tokyo, symbolizing that Haier’s determination to reach Japanese marketplace. Facing the challenges brought by E-commerce and China’s accession to the WTO, Haier began a management restructuring program in 1998 backed by the efficient Haier Market-chain System practice.During first 5 years, Haier focused on the organization restructuring, management decentralizing with application of advanced information and network systems in order fulfillment, Market-chain performance, logistics, capital operation, after-sales service, product inventory and operational cost reduction. During second 5 year period from 2003, Haier carried out the SBU (strategic business unit) management to stimulate the enthusiasm of every employee and to enhance Haier’s competitiveness in global marketplace. Over the past 20 years, Haier provided more than 100 million appliances to worldwide consumers and paid cumulatively a total tax of RMB13. 6 billion, of which RMB2 billion in 2004, RMB5. 5 million per day on average.Haier has scheduled to finance 100 Project Hope primary schools, of which 47 are put into operation. Haier has 51,000 full time employees and hires 175,000 contract service personnel, providing a total of 230,000 job opportunities. Haier’s management has been worldwide recognized. Haier’s experience has been introduced in 16 case studies in business merger, financial management and corporate culture by 7 foreign educational institutes, including Harvard University, University of Southern Califor nia, Lausanne Management College, the European Business College and Kobe University. Haier has been recommended to the EU Case Studies by Lausanne Management College for Haier Market-chain Management.Haier’s goal is to become a global recognizable brand. (â€Å"Company Background†) Company Facts Corporate Overview The Haier Group is China’s largest home appliance brand and one of the world’s leading white goods home appliance manufacturers. Haier was founded in 1984 in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China and manufactures home appliances in over 15,100 different specifications under 96 categories. By April 2006, the Haier Group has obtained 6,189 patented technology certificates and 589 software intellectual property rights. Haier products are sold in over 100 countries. Haier is the official Home Appliances Sponsor of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Headquarters: |Qingdao, Shandong Province, China | |Employees |Over 50,000 worldwide | |Financial Informatio n: |Haier’s global revenue in 2005 reached RMB 103. 4 billion | | |Average annual growth of 68% between 1984 and 2005 | |No. of Subsidiaries |Over 240 | |Listed Subsidiaries |Haier Electronics Group Co. , Ltd. listed on the Hong Kong Stock | | |Exchange | | |Qingdao Haier Co. , Ltd.Listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange | |Business Scope |Technology research | | |Product development and manufacturing | | |Trade | | |Financial services | |Key Product Lines |Refrigerators/Freezers, commercial air-conditioners, microwave | | |ovens, washing machines, dishwashers, televisions, mobile phones,| | |computers | |Global Presence | |Trading Companies: |64 | |Design Centers |8 | |Industrial Complexes |15 | |Sales Network |Over 58,000 | Board of Directors Chairman and CEO Mr. Zhang Ruimin President Ms. Yang MianmianVice Chairman Mr. Wu Kesong Recognition †¢ Ranked 86th among the world’s 500 Most Influential Brands by World Brand Lab in 2006. Only Chinese brand to be ranked in top 100 for three consecutive years †¢ Ranked 1st among Chinese brands with the most potential by Glebor’s Global Financial Reports of Canada, 2006 †¢ Ranked 1st among China’s Top 10 Global Brands by the Financial Times in 2005 †¢ Ranked 1st among China’s Top 10 Global Brands by China State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision (CSBTS) for refrigerators and washing machines in 2005 †¢ CEO Zhang Ruimin ranked 26th among World’s Most Respected Business Leaders by the Financial Times in 2005 CEO Zhang Ruimin ranked 6th among Asia’s 25 Most Powerful People in Business by Fortune magazine in 2004 †¢ Received a World Climate Award from the United Nations Development Program and the US Environment Protection Administration in 2000 (â€Å"Company Facts†) Leadership at Haier â€Å"As far as transforming moments go in a CEO’s career, Zhang Ruimin has a story to match anyone’s. † †“ Financial Times Zhang Ruimin is the Chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO of Haier Group, a position he assumed in 2000. He also holds the title of senior economist. As CEO, Mr. Zhang’s current goal is to further enhance Haier’s leadership in Chinese and global markets and strengthen the reputation of Haier’s brand worldwide.In 1984, Zhang Ruimin was appointed director of the Qingdao Refrigerator Factory, a small, ailing collectively-owned factory in the Shandong province of China. Under his leadership and unique management philosophy, the company has since grown to become what is now the Haier Group, China’s leading home appliance brand, and one of the world’s largest home appliance makers, with a distribution presence in over 100 countries. Mr. Zhang began the turnaround of Haier with an order to destroy 76 defective refrigerators, laying into one himself with a sledgehammer – now preserved for its symbolism in Haier’s muse um. That singular act of destruction impressed on employees that poor quality would not be acceptable. He reinforced the message with an aggressive Western-style quality control program. Mr.Zhang’s management philosophy is a blend of international management principles and Chinese wisdom, with innovation and excellence as its cornerstones. The philosophy is the driving force behind the motivation and enthusiasm of Haier’s staff of over 50,000 employees worldwide. Mr. Zhang acts as a role model for modern Chinese entrepreneurs, and his leadership philosophy and business acumen are widely admired, both in China and within the international business community. Mr. Zhang holds an MBA degree from China Science and Technology University. He was born on January 5, 1949 in Laizhou, Shandong province, China. Zhang Ruimin[pic] Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (â€Å"Leadership†) Haier’s HR Conception of HR Globalized Enterprise and Globalized StaffZhang Ruimin, CEO of Haier Group, performs branding strategy, multi-directions strategy and global strategy under the direction of globalization and creation of famous branding. Currently, Haier acquires continuously quick increasing; the brand of Haier keeps its first position of China home electronics industry, and the brand wins more and more credits in the international market. In 1997, State Economic and Trade Commission decided to support Haier as one of six main Chinese enterprises to compete â€Å"World Top 500 Enterprises†. Globalized operation model in Haier drives it to â€Å"the Express Way†, so in the international market, Haier wins more and more respects in short period of time.However, we can clearly recognize that Haier still has distance compared with world top enterprises. During the current situation, as long as the brand of Haier becomes a global branding, each of our staffs initially shall become a globalized talent. The objectives of HR development in Haier G roup must match our enterprise's strategic objective of globalization, to develop international and competitive talents. (â€Å"Conception of HR†) Promotion based upon excellence, not appearance Promotion is based upon excellence, not appearance —- Haier's Rule of its HR Development During our HR development, we insist on innovation of notion, innovation of system.We keep creating a kind of environment of fair, just and straightforward, and build up a set of mechanism to develop personnel potentialities. Therefore, while we purchase our enterprise's objectives, we can offer each individual a developing space to realize his own value. â€Å"How much you can be involved, we will provide you a corresponding platform. † 1. â€Å"Each individual is a talent, and promotion is based upon excellence, not appearance. † —- Providing a fair, just and open competition environment in fact is the competition of talents. Staffs lead to the enterprise in success. If an enterprise has of most talented and high-qualified people, it will win in the competition.Haier's HR development initially based on â€Å"Each individual is a talent†, â€Å"firstly training people and then creating a brand† to change the function of most of traditional HR departments, and finally built up a HR mechanism and a policy with the function of, how to research and develop individual potentiality, which is different to traditional HR function, but concerning about who should be trained, and who should be promoted to the position of leadership. We provide our staffs 3 kinds of career designing: 1. For administrators; 2. For professionals; 3. For workers. Each of them has one direction towards his promotion. 2. â€Å"Who is incumbent who shall be inspected; promotion is based on competition; One's position shall be changed after his expired term of office. † —- We need to inspect and control the incumbent administrators.There is such a rule in Haier's HR management: the so called â€Å"if you give one person rights, you shall definitely trust him, and if you suspect him, you won't give him any rights†, which is a definitely deny of market economy. In market economy, the essential relationship is driven by benefits. Trust or distrust your staff, or evaluate one staff only based on your private emotions or only based on his personnel capacity won't be a proper method, and maybe will have negative effects in success of an enterprise. Therefore, Haier makes a rule like â€Å"Who is incumbent who shall be inspected; promotion is based on competition; position shall be changed after one's expired term of office†. 3. â€Å"Usually more deeply dolphin dives, more highly it jumps. â€Å"—- Mechanism of promotion and demotion.When we promote a cadre to a high-level position, we won't him immediately inaugurate, however, we assign him to work in related department as an ordinary role; sometimes, even if he is already been playing a important role in the department, due to his lack of such experience, we will let him lower his position and work as a common staff. Sometimes, one person is very experienced, but only lack of integrated and coordinated skills; we will assign him to certain department to have so-called internship. However, it is tough for a cadre under such high pressure; on the other hand, he is finally trained and cultivated his integrated skills. 4. Elimination Quota—- That means in certain period of time and within certain division, we set a quota to lay off staffs in percent.It can be cruel; however, it is good for an enterprise to purchase its long-term strategy. In Haier, there is no such saying â€Å"I cannot give any achievement to the enterprise; however my time and physical works shall be took into account. † If you cannot offer your best efforts, you probably make a fault. Therefore, in such period of time, within certain division, we follow out ou r elimination quota in proportion. (â€Å"Conception of HR†) Challenge your content, manage yourself and challenge yourself Hang Rui Min, CEO of the Group, pointed out in the article My Point of View towards New Economy that, in the age of new economy, people is the key factor to ensure your innovation.Each individual person can body of innovation, and we design our train of thought as a market chain to support outstanding. 1. â€Å"External market competition leads to the internal†Ã¢â‚¬â€- Market Chain Effect. We convince that there are 2 markets involved in one enterprise, the internal and the external. The internal market is how to meet the requirements of the staffs to arouse their initiatives; on the other hand, the external market is to meet the requirements of the clients. Inside Haier Group, â€Å"the next processing is the client†, so it must have a main body to perform their responsibilities for their own market. â€Å"The next processing is the clie nt†, each staff can represent a client, or he is the market.Each staff can suppose to have no responsibility to his supervisor occasionally, but the most important thing is he must have the responsibility to the market all the time. Market chain mechanism, initialized as â€Å"SST† based on Chinese pin yin, that is to say: Firstly, we need to serve our client and acquire the related rewards; and if we cannot match the market's requirements we must give corresponding reimbursement. Neither rewards, nor reimbursement, it could be a blank in the mechanism that means problem will occur. Therefore, the group is under the mechanism, and there are many people in their position under the sprit of â€Å"managing yourself† where people treat their own as a host in their division of Haier Group.They manage their position as operating their own boutique so that they have extraordinary efforts in such as saving energy, decreasing consumption, improving quality etc. 2. Real ti me stimulation—- it is to stimulate and develop the initiatives of the staffs. To encourage new technical invention and innovation, Haier Group issues Staff Rewarding Regulation for Inventions, which establishes an award of â€Å"Haier†, â€Å"Hope of Haier† and â€Å"Rationalized Advice† etc. and based on the economic effectiveness and social effectiveness they achieved, and the enterprise, the administrators and the staffs have equal chances to win the awards respectively. Haier Group is as a sea to take domestic and overseas professional people in.CEO of Haier, Zhang Rui Min, in the article of Haier is the sea wrote with full passions â€Å"as long as to gather all Haier people's power together, it can generate the power as much as a sea, which need the sprit of ‘unselfish contribution and excellence chasing' so that we can have the sense of team work. We make most of the incredible and the impossible become realizations and possibilities. There fore, the great wave of Haier can exceed all barriers, and keep going ahead. (â€Å"Conception of HR†) Values & Philosophy Cultural Concept Corporate Culture Haier corporate culture has been widely recognized by Haier’s employees as innovative value created by Haier senior management. Innovation is the core of Haier corporate culture, Haier’s unique cultural system cultivated and developed over the past 20 years.Haier corporate culture is guided and developed by advanced concept, innovative strategy, efficient organization, creative technology and market orientation, which have enabled Haier to grow swiftly with business expansion from China to outside world. Haier corporate culture features recognition and participation of all employees. Today, Haier is ambitious to gain worldwide recognition. To achieve this magnificent goal, Haier has had all its employees involved in realizing Haier’s ideal to be a global recognizable brand. (â€Å"Haier’s Cor porate Culture†) Haier Spirit †¢ Creating resources and worldwide prestige †¢ Resource Creation is based on innovation . Even Haier has less resources than its rivals, it can benefit from the core competence originated from innovation. The higher objective of the Global Brand strategic stage is â€Å"worldwide prestige† which is accomplished in meeting the needs of customers from all over the world and which will in turn make Haier a globally recognized world-class brand. Haier Style Individual-goal combination, swift action and success â€Å"individual-goal combination† is our method and â€Å"swift action and success† is our target. The market of each SBU should be identified clearly and actions should be taken promptly. Haier HR Concept Promotion is based upon excellence, not appearance Haier provides its every employee opportunities to develop and demonstrate talents. It is not able people, but the mechanism to encourage able people developme nt, should we be concerned about. The responsibility of a manager is to establish a â€Å"race track†, ie. personality development opportunity, for every employee to become a SBU.The â€Å"Horse racing court† requires three principles, firstly, fair competition; secondly, ability-based appointment; thirdly, reasonable job rotation. Under the contract labor system policy, employees are regularly evaluated and classified by performances, and the managerial personnel do not work at the same position permanently but rotate regularly in a fixed period. The significance of Haier’s human resource management is to stimulate the enthusiasm of employees. In this system, every employee can feel the pressure from both inside and outside the company and convert the pressure into creative motility. This is the key to success. Authorization and supervision Performance with full power authorization must be supervised.Haier regulates the rules on post control, promotion competit ion and job rotation â€Å"Post control† is so defined that firstly managerial personnel should self control and discipline; secondly, Haier has to establish a control system to guide the work objective and orientation and shun directional mistakes. In addition, it is aimed to control financial performance and to eliminate misconduct in business practice. â€Å"Promotion competition† indicates that a competitive system is to be operated to promote or demote employees according to their ability and performance. Every employee will be able to feel pressure while having opportunity to demonstrate and develop his potential capability. Job rotation† is destined to change positions of managerial personnel with fixed term, aiming to avoid inefficient performance in management due to thought rigidity and creativity shortage after a relatively long period on the same post. Job rotation system will create more opportunities to young managers for practical experience and ex pand more human resources for the company. Haier strategy Concept Activating shock fish Activating shock fish† Policy has been employed by Haier in acquisition of ailing companies for business expansion. International acquisition is characterized by three stages. In Stage 1, â€Å"Big fish eat small fish†, companies powerful in capital, not technology, merger with less powerful companies.In Stage 2, â€Å"Fast fish eat slow fish†, these companies are powerful in technology, not capital instead. Microsoft, for example, started later than some other counterparts, however, it kept leading the industry with advanced technology and surpassed some old brands. In Stage 3, â€Å"Sharks eat sharks†, â€Å"Power Alliance† became popular in 1990s. Boeing merged with Mcdonnell in such circumstance. In China, â€Å"big fish† not allowed to eat â€Å"small fish†, nor â€Å"fast fish† and â€Å"sharks†, only â€Å"shock fish†. â €Å"Shock fish† represent those companies which are well equipped but not well operated and can be vitalized if effective management is introduced. Three directional changes In early 1999, Haier was about to decide the development guideline.Zhang Ruimin, then President of Haier, brought forward a proposal that Haier’s 1999 development policy should be concentrated on globalization to approach Haier’s goal of global recognizable brand. To realize this goal, Haier prepared and launched an overall plan to restructure Haier’s management system for improvement of corporate competence. Zhang Ruimin proposed â€Å"Three directional changes† of restructuring the company management system. Reference: Previously, Haier focused upon maximization of profits, and Haier gives the priority to customer demands satisfaction. Directional change in management From linear organization structure to BPR of Market-chain DecentralizationDecentralization of traditional Pyr amid management system on the basis of market principle application for interdepartmental management and customer needs satisfaction. Information Based upon interest of customers, production and management processes are operated under the principle of Market-chain Management with continuous and update information. Directional change in market orientation Emphasis shifted from domestic to overseas market Directional change in production scope Emphasis shifted from manufacture to service industry E-commerce system in operation for product sales Haier E-commerce System supported by advanced information technology for network management, marketing, service and procurement. Overseas Expansion based upon domestic success There are two principles.Firstly, the best efforts are made to fully develop the current industry before entering new segment of relative products; secondly, the best efforts are made to gain the leading position in the new segment of the industry after a certain period i n which the business has been well developed. Market development precedes production plants. The principle, â€Å"Market development precedes production plants† was once used for overseas business development in the initial period of Haier. It suggests that production plants should not be built unless sufficient purchase orders are received from the market developed by product sales at the very beginning of business.In 1992, Haier set up its headquarter industrial complex in Qingdao and more then 10 industrial plants throughout the world, especially in the United States. Haier OEC Management: OEC Management. OEC is an abbreviation of Overall Every Control and Clear, indicating that overall control and supervision of every employee every day. â€Å"O† stands for Overall, â€Å"E† for Everyone, Everyday and Everything and â€Å"C† means Control and Clear. Purpose of the OEC Management is as follows: Day-based task accomplishment and improvement The task ass igned for every day basis should be accomplished in the same day with an increase of 1% over that in previous day. The OEC Management is comprised of three systems: Objective > Daily Accomplishment > IncentiveThe Objective must be established first; Daily accomplishment is basic to fulfillment of the objective; Result of Daily Accomplishment will be of significance when it is attached with incentive policy. Slope & ball theory An enterprise likened to be a ball on a slope requiring traction force to stop it from rolling downward and to keep it upward needs efficient management to prevent it from lagging behind and creative ideas to achieve more opportunities for development. What’s remarkable? What’s Difficult? What’s remarkable? It is remarkable for doing well simple things. What’s difficult It is difficult to accomplish the matters the public believe simple. Day-based task accomplishment and improvement The â€Å"Slope and Ball Theory† is used to describe indications of OEC Management in 3 aspects: Management is decisive to business success.An enterprise cannot succeed and business will go down if it is not well operated. Consistent efforts should be made for management efficiency. It is a painstaking and profound process. Efficiency level of management does not always stay unchanged, even the supervising mechanism, but fluctuate continuously. Efficiency management requires untiring efforts. Management is dynamic, endlessly. Enterprise business develops while supervising mechanism needs improvement. Management is not rigid, but flexible and adjustable according to enterprise objectives and internal and external conditions. Haier’s policy is â€Å"Prepare for actual use, not for show Haier's Market-Chain Market- chainMarket-chain management is based upon Haier’s corporate culture and computerized information system, concentrated upon order information flow and operated for logistics and capital performance to realize the Three-Zero objective business restructuring. The system incorporates the factors of sync flow efficiency, SST intensity and performance-based salary system to encourage employees to work hard to satisfy consumer requirements with application of innovative technology, valuable orders, improvement of corporate competence and creation of market demands Demolish the walls inside the outside enterprises. Chinese enterprises should demolish two side and outside walls.Outside wall stands for the life-and-death competition between enterprises of the same trade, suggesting that competitors cooperate with each other for win-win relationship. Inside wall means administrative relation between different departments in the same enterprise, suggesting that competition mechanism be introduced to improve management efficiency. Accelerated pace for information technology application is the key to demolish the walls. Zero stock, distance and working capital. Order based performance indicat es that production will not be arranged unless buyers have placed purchase orders. The entire production process is operated for ordered products. In such way, products are delivered at sight of payment and thus the goal of zero stock, distance and working capital is realized.Zero stock The mission of logistics is to eliminate distance with time and stock volume with time efficiency. Haier’s goal is to eliminate all stock in warehouse. If warehouse is likened to a reservoir, Haier will change the reservoir into a flowing river by the JIT tool. JIT purchase: Purchase is precisely arranged according to the actual needs; needed parts and raw materials are procured through worldwide suppliers for order fulfillment. JIT supply chain: Haier’s warehouse is just a transit station in which all materials can only be stored for 7 days at most. In Haier automated high-bay warehouses, parts and components will be allowed for 3 days.JIT delivery: Haier has established a nationwide l ogistics system for product delivery to every corner in the country. Zero distance Zero distance is another goal of the Market-chain Management. Under this system, Haier will, immediately after obtaining the purchase order, take every effort to satisfy the needs of customers. In the process, delivery efficiency plays a significant role to shorten the time with space efficiency. Buyers can place orders at the Internet and Haier will deliver the ordered goods to the buyers. Zero distance is important for a manufacturer to acquire orders. The enterprise strives to shorten or even eliminate the distance to buyers to obtain and satisfy individual orders.If the distance is not eliminated, the manufacturer might not easily know what customers need and how to satisfy their demands. Zero working capital The third goal of the Market-chain Management is to realize zero working capital. It is believed to be the capability to change cash into material objects and then convert material objects in to cash. Zero working capital means no fund is used as floating capital. Before making the payment to sub-suppliers, the manufacturer receives payment from buyers. This can be realized as production is scheduled at request of customers. This will result in healthy operation of the enterprise. Doing right things and doing things right way Haier’s operational restructuring based upon the Market-chain is carried out by three phases.In phase 1, internal resources are integrated to structure the Market-chain system; in phase 2, valuable orders are obtained from the Market-chain system, giving emphasis upon customer demands satisfaction and establishment of global supply-chain to improve the corporate competence. Currently, Haier has entered phase 3 of the operational restructuring process by focusing upon integration of human resource to make every employee a SBU for more valuable orders. Haier is carrying the OEC Management with an aim to improve management efficiency and quality assurance. This is doing things in right way. On the other side, Haier launches the Market-chain program for competition in the world market place. This is doing right things. There is a distinct difference between doing right things and doing things in right way.An example, a worker on production line is doing things in right way if operation and product quality comply with technical specifications. However, if the product cannot be marketed, what the worker has done is not right. From this point of view, doing right things is the basis of doing things in right way. Continuous improvement of management is to ensure that every employee is doing right. Speed, innovation and SBU Since 2002, Haier’s development theme has been Speed, Innovation and SBU. Speed helps create customer resource. In other words, Haier wants to be the early bird catching the worm. Innovation is to help customers create value provided customer resource is ensured.If every employee becomes a SBU, loyalty of customers will be achieved. Speed Why speed? The fantastic efficiency of the Internet makes us believe that slow players will sure fail. Those who have no relation with the Internet will be washed out. Those using the Internet in business practice but having weak competitiveness will also be eliminated from the competition in the marketplace. Speed plays a significant role in order acquisition, fulfillment and follow-up service. Aim of fast speed Fast speed is aimed at realizing zero stock, zero distance and zero operating capital. Innovation Why innovation? In current depressed market, fast speed is gained by innovative thinking and spirit.The obtained market shares cannot be continued if no innovation is pursued. During the innovation process, innovation should be combined with speed. The decentralized organizing structure is aimed to get the enterprise involved in the market practice. The entire process of management and production are concentrated upon satisfying the needs o f both market and innovation. How to help customers create value by innovation In current network age, value of customers is realized by two methods, ie. customization and globalization. In the current market where supply exceeds demand, buyers have more options. Only those who satisfy their individual demands will be chosen by the buyers.Aim of innovation: acquisition of valuable orders under the following conditions: Essence of innovation Approach of innovation: innovative simulation and introduction. SBU What’s SBU? SBU is an abbreviation of Strategic Business Unit If not only every division, but also every employee is a SBU, Haier’s business strategy will be carried out and shouldered by all employees. At the same time, the innovation of every employee will ensure that Haier’s strategy is successfully implemented. Why SBU? SBU is a carrier of efficient and innovative performance. Those who do not pursue fast speed and innovation are not SBUs. Managers have t o fulfill business assignment.If subordinates are not SBUs, the enterprise cannot satisfy individual customer needs. In other words, what SBU demonstrates is fast speed innovation. With this philosophy, Haier’s objective of fast speed innovative production is quantified for every employee. As a result, every employee will have to carry out technical innovation for production or management efficiency improvement for customer need satisfaction. Haier’s One-Stop service and B-to-E process is in operation to optimize customization production. How to become SBU? Four essential requirements are market objective, purchase order, sales achievements and market reward. These are goals of the company to achieve and break down for every employee.Market objective: competitive power with fast speed creating customer resources Purchase order: acquiring valuable purchase orders with innovative technology to achieve market objective. Sales achievements: quantitative data on customer sa tisfaction gained by order fulfillment and displayed by the company information system Market reward: pay allocated from additional income created by marketing performance and used as incentive for employee enthusiasm in better performance Function of SBU What does SBU mean to the company, employees and customers? To employees, SBU means innovation, and employees will demonstrate their values by helping customers create values.To the company, SBU means corporate competence, which cannot be copied by competitors if every employee becomes a SBU. To customers, SBU means a network age and loyalty to the manufacturer and its brand. If every employee carries out innovation, customer demands can always be satisfied. Features of SBU Feature 1: Only marketing target and position, not senior management or subordinate, considered in business practice. Feature 2: Only market changes, not time to start nor place to finish, focused upon for innovation. Feature 3: Only competitive end market could we are encouraged by to energetically and efficiently realize our ambitious goal. Go abroad; go localized, go up to a higher level – globalized Haier. First difficult, than easyBuild name brand in developed markets and then expand the business into developing markets with little resistance. Without domestic market, business is rootless, without international market, business is weak Without domestic market, business is rootless, without international market, business is weak. If a business is uncompetitive in the domestic market, it is impossible make its way into the international market. However, if a business is successful only in the domestic market, the superiority won’t last long. Haier has experienced a tough time when starting to go abroad. Some asked the question what is the point to seek for a bone abroad when there was easy meat in China.The truth is when all are fighting over the same piece of meat, there will be nothing left but the bone in no time. A bus iness like Haier should actively take part in the global competition. Three 1/3s 1/3 made and sold at home 1/3 made at home and sold abroad 1/3 made and sold abroad Three-in-one localization Three-in-one localization: Haier has its technical development centers, manufacture bases and trading companies set up overseas to enable localized operations with respect to design, manufacture and marketing, among which are Haier America, Haier Europe, Haier Middle East, Haier Southeast Asia, and more. Case study Acquisition of Italian refrigerator plant June 19, 2001.The signing ceremony of Haier acquiring an Italian refrigerator plant was held in the central building of Qingdao Group. The acquisition marked the successful three-in-one localization (localized design, manufacture and marketing) in Europe after the United Sates. The Italian plant was located in a geographically convenient area together with many plants from famous manufacturers like Whirlpool, CANDY, Zanussi, etc. The project w ould bring Haier â€Å"three windows† and â€Å"two radiation effects†, i. e. windows of information, technology and purchase and marketing radiation from Italy to the rest of Europe and product radiation from refrigerator to the rest of product mix.The transnational acquisition provided Haier a white goods production base in Europe as well as access to local manufacturer association and local information, paving the way for integrating of funds, intelligence and cultures and building a world-class brand. Haier believes that internationalization is supported by three-in-one localization of design, manufacture and marketing. The key to internationalization is making use of local funds and human resources. Integration and creation Integrate funds, intelligence and cultures to create a world-class brand. Three internationalization steps Internationalization of management system – to build up employee loyaltyInternationalization of service – to build up custo mer loyalty Internationalization of brand – to build up international competence Five globalization strategies Globalization of design In order to maintain the competitive edge in the international market, Haier has set up 18 design centers worldwide to consolidate resources from developed countries. Globalization of manufacture Haier has set up 10 industrial parks worldwide and 22 plants overseas, making Haier a global manufacturer and enabling prompt action to satisfy local user needs for quality Haier products which in turn greatly provides great support for Haier to achieve its goal of world-class brand. Globalization of marketingHaier has 5,000 overseas retail outlets and over 10,000 service centers all over the world. The principle of interaction, development and innovation has been uphold in the course of globalization, e. g. , the best practice of Haier America is shared with Haier Europe, and the successful marketing of Haier Europe is introduced to Haier Middle East , opening up a vigorous prospect of global marketing. Globalization of purchase Public bidding and online purchase are carried out via Internet. A strategic partnership has been established with best global suppliers, who also participate in the front-end design of Haier products. Globalization of capital operationBy virtue of its experience in manufacture industry, Haier has made its way into finance industry Up to now; Haier has invested in Qingdao Commerce Bank and Chang Jiang Securities and is also running an insurance agency, a life insurance joint venture and a finance firm. By taking 50% shares of Haier Electronics Group, a company listed in Hong Kong, Haier has laid a solid foundation for its further movement to the international capital market. Co-optition Co-optition is the strategic trend of corporate globalization in the 21st century. It is based on competency complementation which is enabled through exchange of resources and aimed at win-win cooperation. On January 8, 2 002, Haier announced the co-optition with Sanyo Japan.Later on February 20, 2002, Haier announced the co-optition with Sampo Taiwan Go abroad; go localized, go up to Haier level Go abroad: go to mainstream markets in mainstream regions; Go localized: be admitted into mainstream channels selling mainstream products; Go up to a higher level: be a mainstream brand Haier in Pakistan Haier is now widely recognized in the world. From the latest statistics of Euro-monitor, Haier was placed fifth for the global white goods manufacturers with the largest world market share for refrigerators. In the list of the most respected companies in Asia and Pacific Region published by the Far Eastern Economic Review issue December 26, 2002, Haier was placed first.Haier’s production and management system restructuring has enabled Haier to diversify internal and external resources. At pre0sent, Haier has put its worldwide logistics, distribution and manufacturing facilities into efficient operatio n for customer demand satisfaction. Haier’s goal is to obtain worldwide recognition and to become one of Fortune Global 500. |[pic] | |†Haier objective: Before selection of products you have many choices in the | | | |market but Haier is the name of trust confidence in the world†. | |Chief Executive | | | |Mr.Shah Faisal | | | |[pic] | |â€Å"We would like to work fast†. Haier is not only competing strictly on price but by | | | |winning market shares through user friendly design, innovative features and top | | | |service for a wide range of appliances and consumer electronics. | |Country Manager | | | |Mr. Faraz Fiaz | | | Haier Pakistan is the Pakistan Sales & Marketing division of the international Haier Group, a globally recognized manufacturer of world-class electrical home appliances.The joint venture between Ruba General Trading Company and Haier Group of China has brought Haier to Pakistan with an initial investment of about US$35 million and a com mitment to provide world-class innovative products based on uncompromising quality to the Pakistani consumer. The plant spreads over a vast area of 63 acres with a covered area of 0. 6 million square feet including a workers’ colony on Raiwind Road, Lahore. The project is expected to produce 0. 9 million pieces of household appliances per year with plans to export to the Middle East and all over Asia. In the first year of its operations, Haier will generate employment opportunities to 600 individuals with potential to grow up to 1200 within the next 5 years. Furthermore, Haier will supplement income of 1000 to 1500 families providing indirect earning and employment possibilities.The roster of products to be launched immediately in Pakistan includes Refrigerators, Air-Conditioners (Window & Split), Deep Freezers and Washing Machines, Microwave Ovens and Small Appliances with Dishwashers, Vacuum Cleaners, Television Sets and Mobile Phones to follow shortly. Haier Pakistan has e ntered the local market with a commitment to help its consumers reap the benefits of modern lifestyle and to provide them world-class innovative products, unmatched nationwide customer support, a vast dealer network and a steadfast after- sales-service throughout the country. (â€Å"About Haier†) Evaluation of HR Department As discussed in introductory portion of this project, we have divided evaluation task in different functions.The division is as following †¢ HR Department †¢ HR Planning †¢ Analysis and Design of Work †¢ Recruitment and Selection †¢ Training and Development †¢ Performance Evaluation †¢ Compensation and Benefits and Safety To get information about all above, we had to interview someone. For this, we got honor to meet Mr. Mohammad Asim Amjad, the HR administrator at Haier HR Department. We asked different questions about each of above functions from Mr. Asim. We recorded that interview, and also got important notes on spot. HR Department What is the structure of your HR Department? On the top of HR department is a General Manager Human Resource followed by a Senior HR manager.Then after it, there is an HR Administrator. Below, the HR administrator, there are HR executives for Recruitment and selection, training and development, Performance appraisals, and compliance. There are also HR officers for Recruitment and selection, training and development, Performance appraisals, and compliance, which work under relevant HR executives. There is also an HR assistant, which only assists Manager Human Resource. On administration sides, after them, there are Labor Officers, and then there are two administration officers, which are followed by a whole team. One administration officer deals with construction, plant, etc, while other deals with Govt. agencies etc.How many people are working in your organization, how many of them are permanent or otherwise, how many of them are on managerial positions and how many a re otherwise? There are Approximately 1200-1700 staff in total. There are 100-1500 workers and 200 managerial staff. The amounts of workers vary according to season and currently it is not season, so we are having only 1000 workers. In the HR Department, there are approximately 10 people required, but they still do not have complete ten and are still recruiting for other. There are more than 100 people in administration staff. The HR Department is merged with Administration department at Haier. We are also planning to install a new production unit, and we need approximately 100 more workers for this.What is your and other HR staff’s qualification? I have personally done MBA in Human Resource Management. Our Senior HR Manager is also as MBA in Human Resource Management. Some of our other HR officers are also MBA, while some of them are BBA, or Simple graduates. Our General HR Manager, who also looks after Finance matters, does not possess any formal degree in Human Resource Ma nagement. He is doing it by his experience. To Whom your HR Department Reports to? And how other people contact your HR Department? Our HR Department is headed by Finance Manager, and he only reports to CEO. So, Our HR Department Reports to CEO of the company. We have divided contact system according to function.It means, if an employee has some problem regarding performance appraisal, he will contact the relevant HR professional. Now, it is not true that is a professional is not on seat, the work will not be done. Another HR officer will have to accommodate according to the situation and will have to do the desired work. Are your Policies properly recorder/written? And do you properly communicate these policies to other departments? If yes, then how? Yes we do have properly written and documented HR policies in our Department. We give proper code to every policy, and its effectiveness date is also mentioned. (Annex 2. 1). Also, we properly communicate these policies to other depart ment. We also have a document regarding this communication.In that document we have mentioned, that which personnel of a department is going to receive a copy of the policy. By this, we make sure that only relevant personnel are given the policy and it is properly communicated to all departments. (Annex 2. 2) Limitations and suggestions: †¢ First of all, we have a problem with current HR structure. The General Manager of Human Resource Department is also looking after Finance Department. HR is a vast function and separate personnel should be there to look after its functions. Also General Manager HR does not possess any formal degree in HRM. So first of all, there should be separate heads for both HR and Finance Departments. Secondly, there should be a General Manager HR, who should be formally trained in HRM. At Haier, Administration Department is merged with Human Resource Department. They are doing it to reduce their costs. But HR functions are so wide that they should be se parated from administration functions, and so is the case with administration functions. HR Department should be separate from Administration Department. †¢ There are less than enough HR professionals in the Department. They still need some more professionals to divide work. As long as we know, the person we interviewed, has also resigned. So they should do something to keep their quality HR professionals intact and should try to hire new ones as required. HR Planning Do you believe in planning? Yes of course, Planning